Figure 1. Immunotherapy with vaccinia vaccine inhibits the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

(A) Day-42 total lung cell numbers of mice treated with i.p. bleomycin and either i.n. PBS or vaccinia vaccine on day 14. (B) Flow cytometric analysis of total lung CD4⁺ T cells, CD11b⁺ cells, and Gr1⁺ cells. (C) Intracellular cytokine analysis of total lung IFNG⁺, IL17⁺, and FoxP3⁺ CD4⁺ T cells. Histological analysis of lungs 42 days following i.p. bleomycin. (D) H&E staining of lung sections at ×20 (left panels) and ×100 (right panels) magnification. (E) Masson’s trichrome staining of lung sections at ×100 magnification. (F) Total lung collagen 42 days following i.p. bleomycin. Error bars represent one standard deviation of the mean. Experiments were performed 3 times with 10 mice per group. Paired Student’s t tests were performed with Bonferroni correction when indicated.