Fig. S3.

Embolism maps and progression of embolism for Goniophlebium formosana (A and B), a fern with reticulate venation but weak hierarchical organization, leading to early embolism of the midrib relative to minor veins. In contrast, the angiosperm Eucalyptus globulus (C and D) has strong hierarchical organization with overlapping embolism profiles for different orders, preserving vascular function during embolism. For Goniophlebium, the orders are defined from the extremities (like Adiantum), and the midrib is defined separately. (Scale bars, 10 mm.)