Table 2.
Univariate analysis: behavioral determinants associated with influenza vaccine uptake among health professionals
| Participant opinions | Vaccine compliant (n = 58)a | Vaccine non-compliant (n = 570)a | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived risk | ||||
| I have high risk for influenza | 53/56 (94.6 %) | 409/568 (72 %) | 6.87 (2.12–22.30) | 0.001 |
| I can spread infection to my patients even if I am asymptomatic | 46/56 (82.1 %) | 352/566 (62.2 %) | 2.80 (1.38–5.66) | 0.004 |
| Health professionals are under the highest risk in case of an epidemic | 54/56 (96.4 %) | 512/567 (90.3 %) | 2.90 (0.69–12.22) | 0.147 |
| I can spread infection to my family even if I am asymptomatic | 39/56 (69.6 %) | 325/564 (57.6 %) | 1.69 (0.93–3.05) | 0.084 |
| Severity of the perceived risk | ||||
| Influenza is dangerous for me | 46/57 (80.7 %) | 388/561 (69.2 %) | 1.86 (0.94–3.69) | 0.073 |
| Influenza is dangerous for my patients | 50/56 (89.3 %) | 501/559 (89.6 %) | 0.96 (0.40–2.35) | 0.937 |
| Influenza is dangerous for my family | 52/57 (91.2 %) | 478/564 (84.8 %) | 1.87 (0.73–4.82) | 0.194 |
| Perceived benefit | ||||
| Vaccination reduces my personal risk | 56/57 (98.2 %) | 367/565 (65 %) | 30.21 (4.15–219.90) | 0.001 |
| Vaccination reduces the risk of spreading the disease to my patients | 53/55 (96.4 %) | 373/561 (66.5 %) | 13.36 (3.22–55.40) | <0.001 |
| Vaccination reduces the risk of spreading the disease to my family | 53/56 (94.6 %) | 372/568 (65.5 %) | 9.31 (2.87–30.17) | <0.001 |
| Community vaccination reduces my workload during an epidemic | 52/55 (94.5 %) | 382/562 (68.0 %) | 8.17 (2.52–26.51) | <0.001 |
| Perceived barriers | ||||
| I don’t expect a side effect after vaccination | 29/56 (51.8 %) | 183/563 (32.5 %) | 2.23 (1.28–3.88) | 0.004 |
| The inactive influenza vaccine currently available in our country is effective | 46/56 (82.1 %) | 204/557 (36.6 %) | 7.96 (3.93–16.11) | <0.001 |
| Allergic reaction against influenza vaccine is rare, or none | 42/57 (73.7 %) | 190/561 (33.9 %) | 5.47 (2.96–10.11) | <0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease development risk is rare, or none, after influenza vaccine | 40/57 (70.2 %) | 189/566 (33.4 %) | 4.69 (2.59–8.50) | <0.001 |
| I am not against vaccination | 51/56 (91.1 %) | 433/562 (77.0 %) | 3.04 (1.19–7.77) | 0.020 |
| Need for vaccination every year negatively effects my regular vaccination | 30/54 (55.6 %) | 237/549 (43.2 %) | 1.65 (0.94–2.89) | 0.083 |
| One can catch influenza even if vaccinated | 49/55 (89.1 %) | 451/557 (81.0 %) | 1.92 (0.80–4.60) | 0.144 |
| I had side effects from my previous influenza vaccinations | 21/57 (36.8 %) | 133/553 (24.1 %) | 1.84 (1.04–3.27) | 0.036 |
| The influenza vaccine itself does not cause influenza | 26/56 (46.4 %) | 215/557 (38.6 %) | 1.38 (0.79–2.39) | 0.254 |
| Health professionals should be vaccinated even if patients have been vaccinated | 50/56 (89.3 %) | 327/562 (58.2 %) | 5.99 (2.53–14.20) | <0.001 |
| I find injection every year uncomfortable | 27/55 (49.1 %) | 285/563 (50.6 %) | 0.94 (0.54–1.64) | 0.828 |
| Vaccination does not reduce the overall immunization | 39/56 (69.6 %) | 330/564 (58.5 %) | 1.63 (0.90–2.95) | 0.108 |
| I believe the vaccines are useful | 52/55 (94.5 %) | 432/562 (76.9 %) | 5.22 (1.60–16.98) | 0.006 |
| I believe in alternative medicine | 40/56 (71.4 %) | 396/561 (70.6 %) | 1.04 (0.57–1.91) | 0.895 |
| I believe that natural methods are better than vaccination | 23/55 (41.8 %) | 379/562 (67.4 %) | 0.35 (0.20–0.61) | <0.001 |
| I am against vaccination due to my beliefs | 6/54 (11.1 %) | 111/563 (19.7 %) | 0.51 (0.21–1.22) | 0.130 |
| Motivating factors | ||||
| I know the Ministry of Health recommendations about influenza vaccination | 45/55 (81.8 %) | 359/561 (64.0 %) | 2.53 (1.25–5.13) | 0.010 |
| I know the Ministry of Health recommendations about the age groups and chronic diseases which require influenza vaccination | 44/55 (80.0 %) | 318/564 (56.4 %) | 3.09 (1.57–6.12) | 0.001 |
| I have sufficient knowledge about influenza | 47/55 (85.5 %) | 408/561 (72.7 %) | 2.2 (1.02–4.77) | 0.045 |
| I get knowledge about influenza from reliable sources every year | 43/56 (76.8 %) | 310/561 (55.3 %) | 2.68 (1.41–5.09) | 0.003 |
| The Ministry of Health provides free vaccination for health professionals | 41/55 (74.5 %) | 310/561 (55.3 %) | 2.37 (1.26–4.45) | 0.007 |
| Attitudes | ||||
| I feel that health professionals’ not spreading the disease to their patients important | 53/57 (93.0 %) | 480/562 (85.4 %) | 2.26 (0.80–6.42) | 0.125 |
| I believe that health professionals should be vaccinated for the continuity of health services | 51/56 (91.1 %) | 363/557 (65.2 %) | 5.45 (2.14–13.88) | <0.001 |
| Right of choice for vaccination should be preserved for health professionals | 43/57 (75.4 %) | 480/557 (86.2 %) | 0.49 (0.26–0.94) | 0.033 |
| Influenza vaccine should be mandatory for health professionals | 36/56 (64.3 %) | 193/557 (34.6 %) | 3.39 (1.91–6.03) | <0.001 |
| Social effects | ||||
| My relatives believe that my vaccination is important | 48/57 (84.2 %) | 252/560 (45 %) | 6.52 (3.14–13.54) | <0.001 |
| My institute recommends my vaccination | 46/57 (80.7 %) | 284/560 (50.7 %) | 4.06 (2.06–8.01) | <0.001 |
| My colleagues believe that my vaccination is important | 47/56 (83.9 %) | 250/558 (44.8 %) | 6.43 (3.09–13.38) | <0.001 |
| The Ministry of Health recommends vaccination of health professionals | 44/55 (80.0 %) | 325/554 (58.7 %) | 2.82 (1.43–5.57) | 0.003 |
| The health authorities I respect recommend vaccination | 46/55 (83.6 %) | 292/553 (52.8 %) | 4.57 (2.19–9.51) | <0.001 |
| Personal competence | ||||
| I would be vaccinated every year if I have enough time | 48/53 (90.6 %) | 194/373 (52.0 %) | 8.86 (3.45–22.75) | <0.001 |
| I would be vaccinated if someone reminds me | 49/57 (86.0 %) | 194/555 (35.0 %) | 11.4 (5.29–24.55) | <0.001 |
| I would be vaccinated every year if the vaccine is provided in my institute | 50/55 (90.9 %) | 208/557 (37.3 %) | 16.78 (6.59–42.75) | <0.001 |
| I would be vaccinated every year if I am rewarded | 29/56 (51.8 %) | 144/558 (25.8 %) | 3.09 (1.77–5.39) | <0.001 |
| I would be vaccinated every year if sufficient knowledge was given | 47/56 (83.9 %) | 253/555 (45.6 %) | 6.23 (3.00–12.97) | <0.001 |
CI 95 % confidence interval of odds ratio, P p value for odds ratio
aNumber of participants strongly agreeing or agreeing/total number of responses (percentage strongly agreeing or agreeing)