Donor mice underwent VNS or sham VNS treatment, and 24 hours later, splenocytes isolated from donor mice were injected i.v. into recipient mice. The recipient mice were subjected to IRI 24 hours after splenocyte transfer, and plasma creatinine was evaluated 24 hours after IRI. (A) In pilot studies, the protective effect of donor splenocytes was proportional to the number of cells transferred, and the greatest difference between splenocytes from sham- and VNS-treated donors was observed with 1 million cells. (B) Using transfer of 1 million cells, significant protection was seen in mice that received splenocytes from VNS-treated donor mice compared with administration of PBS (i.v.) or splenocytes from sham-treated donor mice. n = 3 each in A and n = 6 each in B. Data in B were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA. Means were compared by post hoc multiple-comparison test (Tukey’s). ***P < 0.001.