TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results trial in relation to previous landmark trials
| Trial name | LEADER | EXAMINE [22] | SAVOR-TIMI 53 [23,24] | ACCORD [25] | RECORD [26] | ADVANCE [2] | PROACTIVE [27] | UKPDS Glucose [28] | UKPDS BP [1] | |
| Glucose | BP | |||||||||
| N | 9340 | 5380 | 16492 | 10251 | 4733 | 4447 | 11140 | 5238 | 3867 | 1148 |
| Age (years) | 64.3 ± 7.2 | 61.0 ± | 65 ± 8.5 | 62.2 ± 6.8 | 58.5 ± 8.3 | 66 ± 6.0 | 61.8 ± 7.7 | 53 ± 8.6 | 56.4 ± 8.1 | |
| Sex (% male) | 64.3 | 67.9 | 67.0 | 61.4 | 52.3 | 51.6 | 57 | 67 | 61 | 54 |
| Race (% white) | 77.5 | 72.7 | 75.3 | 64.5 | 60.5 | 98.9 | - | 99 | 81 | 87 |
| CVD (%) | 81 | 100 | 78 | 35 | 34 | 30 | 32 | 100 | – | – |
| Duration (years) | 12.7 ± 8.0 | 7.2 (2.6–13.8)* | 10.3 (5.2–16.7) | 10 (5–15) | 7.1 ± 5.0 | 8.0 ± 6.4 | 8 (4–14) | – | 2.6 (1–4.3) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.1 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.64 | 7.9 (7.0–8.9) | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.5 ± 6.3 | 28.7 | 31.2 | 32.2 ± 5.5 | 31.6 ± 4.8 | 28 ± 5 | 31 ± 4.8 | 27.5 ± 5.2 | 29.6 ± 5.5 | |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 81.5 ± 28.0 | 71.2 | 72.6 ± 22.6 | 91.6 ± 28.8 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| eGFR <60 (%) | 21.8 | 29.1 | 72.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 86 ± 37.0 | – | – | 79 ± 17.7 | 65 | 87 ± 26 | 79 (68–92) | 81 (67–100) | – | |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 20 | 19 | 27 | 46 | 7 | – | ||||
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 3.0 | – | 1.8 (0.7–7.7) | – | 14.3 (6.9–44.8) | – | 15 (7–40) | – | – | – |
| Hypertension (%) | 90.0 | 83.1 | 81.8 | – | 80 | 69 | 76 | – | – | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 18.6 | – | – | 136 ± 17.1 | 139 ± 15.8 | 139 ± 15 | 145 ± 22 | 144 ± 18 | 135 ± 20 | 160 ± 19 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | – | – | 75 ± 11 | 76 ± 10 | 83 ± 8 | 81 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 82 ± 10 | 94 ± 10 |
| Antihypertensive medications (%) | 92 | – | – | 85 | 87 | – | 75 | 18 | 37 | |
| ACE inhibitor (%) | 49 | – | 54 | 53 | 52 | 43 (or ARB) | 43 | 63 | – | – |
| ARB (%) | 31.7 | – | 27.9 | – | 16.9 | – | 6 | 7 | – | – |
| β-blocker (%) | 55 | – | 62 | 29 | 26 | 21 | 25 | 55 | – | – |
| Smoker (%) | 12 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 31 | 23 |
| Insulin (%) | 42 | 30 | 41 | 35 | 37 | 0 | 2 | 42 | – | 24 |
| Statins (%) | 90 | 91 | 78 | 62 | 65 | 19 | 29 | 43 | – | – |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 1.17 | 4.0 ± 1.13 | – | 4.7 ± 1.08 | 5.0 ± 1.16 | – | 5.2 ± 1.20 | 5.4 ± 1.10 | – | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.92 | 2.04 | – | 2.7 ± 0.87 | 2.5 ± 1.01 | 3.30.9 | 3.1 ± 1.03 | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) | 3.5 ± 1.02 | – |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.32 | 1.12 | – | 1.1 ± 0.29 | 1.2 ± 0.37 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 1.03 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 ± 0.24 | – |
*Data are shown as mean ± SD or median with interquartile ranges or range.
ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of cardiovascular outcome Results.