. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 4.

Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016 Jan 20;22(3):293–302. doi: 10.1017/S1355617715001289

Table 2.

Cognitive Outcomes Changes from Baseline to 18 Months

	Changes (18 Month – Baseline)
	N	T1D		Control		P-value^b

		Mean ± SD	P-value^a	Mean ± SD	P-value^a
Z- Scores
IQ ^c	137/65	+0.27 ± 0.69	<0.001	+0.13 ± 0.82	0.21	0.44
Verbal IQ	137/65	+0.22 ± 0.82	0.002	+0.06 ± 0.98	0.63	0.46
Performance IQ	137/65	+0.16 ± 0.76	0.02	+0.04 ± 0.78	0.72	0.89
Executive Functions ^c	131/68	+0.77 ± 0.64	<0.001	+0.65 ± 0.61	<0.001	0.68
Learning and Memory ^c	137/66	+1.08 ± 0.65	<0.001	+1.04 ± 0.66	<0.001	0.67
Processing Speed ^c	135/69	−0.10 ± 0.82	0.14	−0.15 ± 0.86	0.14	0.50
BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function by Parent)^d	140/67	−0.12 ± 0.82	0.08	−0.21 ± 0.73	0.02	0.26
Externalizing (Behavior Assessment by Parent) ^d	142/68	−0.08 ± 0.84	0.24	−0.03 ± 0.72	0.71	0.44
Internalizing (Behavior Assessment by Parent) ^d	142/67	−0.21 ± 0.77	0.002	−0.04 ± 0.76	0.68	0.91

P-values from paired t- test for within-group changes.

Nominal P-value uncorrected for multiple comparisons. Obtained from repeated measure least squares regression models, adjusted for baseline cognitive scores, siblings from same family, age, gender, and parent IQ.

Positive changes are better.

Positive changes are worse