TABLE 1.
Demographic, Surgical, and Clinical Characteristics of All Neonates Following Cardiac Surgery according to Presence or Absence of Poor Outcome
| Poor outcomea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | All (n = 435) | Yes (n = 21) | No (n = 414) | p |
| Demographics | ||||
| Male sex | 262 (60.2) | 10 (47.6) | 252 (60.9) | 0.23 |
| Caucasian race | 296 (68.0) | 12 (57.1) | 284 (68.6) | 1.00 |
| Age at surgery (day) | 7 (5–10) | 6 (3–10) | 7 (5–10) | 0.05 |
| Age at surgery ≤ 3 days | 43 (9.9) | 8 (38.1) | 35 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
| Single ventricle | 173 (39.8) | 13 (61.9) | 160 (38.6) | 0.03 |
| RACHS-1 score: 5 or 6 | 124 (28.5) | 9 (42.9) | 115 (27.8) | 0.14b |
| Prematurity (gestational age < 37 week) | 47 (10.8) | 3 (14.3) | 44 (10.6) | 0.49 |
| Kidney abnormality | 32 (7.4) | 2 (9.5) | 30 (7.2) | 0.67 |
| Diagnosis: HLHS | 107 (24.6) | 9 (42.9) | 98 (23.7) | |
| d-TGA | 94 (21.6) | 2 (9.5) | 92 (22.2) | |
| Coarc with VSD | 71(16.3) | 2 (9.5) | 69 (16.7) | |
| TOF | 35 (8.0) | 1 (4.8) | 34 (8.2) | |
| Other | 128 (29.4) | 7 (33.3) | 121 (29.2) | |
| Pre-Operative | ||||
| Pre-operative weight, kg | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.28 |
| Pre-operative SCr, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.45 (0.4–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.29 |
| Intubated | 207 (47.6) | 13 (61.9) | 194 (46.9) | 0.18 |
| Inotropic support | 132 (30.3) | 8 (38.1) | 124 (30.0) | 0.43 |
| Intra-Operative | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 94 (69–129) | 115 (82–142) | 93.5 (69–128) | 0.17 |
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 39 (28–58) | 38 (27–55) | 39 (28–58) | 0.92 |
| DHCA used | 241 (55.4) | 16 (76.2) | 225 (54.3) | 0.05 |
| Post-Operative | ||||
| FO on POD 3 (%) | 10.0 (3.3–18.4) | 18.6 (9.1–30.6) | 9.7 (3.0–17.6) | < 0.01 |
| SCr on POD 3 (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | < 0.0001 |
| FO ≥ 16 % on POD 3 | 136 (31.3) | 14 (66.7) | 122 (29.5) | < 0.001 |
| SCr ≥ 0.9 mg/dL on POD 3 | 115 (26.4) | 15 (71.4) | 100 (24.2) | < 0.0001 |
| ICU length of stay (day) | 7 (5–13) | 19 (8–28) | 7 (5–12) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay (day) | 17 (11–26) | 20 (11–37) | 16 (11–25) | 0.40 |
| Cardiac arrest requiring CPR | 34 (7.8) | 12 (57.1) | 22 (5.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Re-exploration of chest | 57 (13.1) | 10 (47.6) | 47 (11.4) | < 0.0001 |
Coarc = coarctation of the aorta, CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, DHCA = deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, d-TGA = d-transposition of great arteries, FO = fluid overload, HLHS = hypoplastic left heart syndrome, ICU = intensive care unit, POD = post-operative day, RACHS-1 = risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery, SCr= serum creatinine, TOF = tetralogy of Fallot, VSD = ventricular septal defect.
For categorical variables, data are presented as N (% of outcome category)
Composite poor outcome includes renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal life support or death on POD 3–30.
Comparison was made as RACHS-1 category 1 to 4 vs. 5 or 6 and p-value was from Chi-square test.