Table 4.
Initial model results
| Level 1 covariates | β | Var at Level 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Control group (active vs. passive) | .14 | .06 |
| Supplementary school-based program (yes vs. no) | −.15* | .02 |
| Estimation (1=none, 5 = high) | .03 | .04 |
| Sample size (/1000) | −.18** | .00 |
| Retention (%) | .03 | .00 |
| At risk (Tier 2 vs. Tier 1 or mixed) | −.17 | .08 |
| Age | .40** | .00 |
| Socio-economic Status (low vs. middle or mixed) | .10* | .00 |
| Sex (% female) | .18 | .00 |
| Ethnicity (%) | .03 | .00 |
|
| ||
| Level 2 covariates | β | |
|
| ||
| Delivery mode (in-person/group-based vs. otherwise) | .06 | - |
| Community-based program (yes vs. no) | −.14 | - |
| Role-playing (yes vs. no) | .05 | - |
| Booster session(s) (yes vs. no) | .05 | - |
| Dosage (total minutes/1000) | .13 | - |
|
| ||
| Level 2 program codes (minutes/60) | β | |
|
| ||
| 1. Parental Monitoring and Behavior Management | ||
| Parent | .12 | - |
| Youth | - | - |
| Whole family | −.03 | - |
| 2. Fostering School Success | ||
| Parent | .06 | - |
| Youth | - | - |
| Whole family | - | - |
| 3. Positive Family Relationships | ||
| Parent | −.04 | - |
| Youth | .49* | - |
| Whole family | .26 | - |
| 4. Substance Use Knowledge, Attitudes, and Values | ||
| Parent | −.05 | - |
| Youth | .14 | - |
| Whole family | −.11 | - |
| 5. Self-Regulation and Stress Management | ||
| Parent | −.10 | - |
| Youth | .16 | - |
| Whole family | −.04 | - |
| 6. Problem Solving | ||
| Parent | −.13 | - |
| Youth | .41* | - |
| Whole family | −.05 | - |
| 7. Resisting Peer Risk | ||
| Parent | .29† | - |
| Youth | .16 | - |
| Whole family | −.15 | - |
| 8. Psycho-Education | ||
| Parent | −.02 | - |
| 9. Ethnic Identity | ||
| Parent | - | - |
| Youth | - | - |
| Whole family | - | - |
| 10. Future Orientation | ||
| Parent | −.11 | - |
| Youth | .64* | - |
| Whole family | −.05 | - |
Note. Estimates were not derived for the following codes due to lack of variance (i.e., > 90% of programs had no/zero time): Parental Monitoring and Behavior Management (youth); Fostering School Success (youth and whole family); and Ethnic Identity (parent, youth, and whole family).
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.