Table 4.

Total cost to the health system and households between 2010 and 2012 and cost of loss of income due to premature death (with correction for underreporting)

Type of cost	Cost (US$) (95% CI*)
	2010	2011	2012
Cost to health system†	104,492,248 (89,271,056–129,691,203)	32,373,664 (29,343,487–34,821,992)	32,681,911 (27,658,635–37,665,162)
Cost to household
Direct medical costs‡	16,997,645 (14,134,680–20,254,125)	3,446,663 (2,884,278–4,086,857)	5,966,190 (5,002,931–7,059,605)
Direct non-medical costs§	33,911,095 (30,979,409–37,000,886)	6,648,026 (6,081,039–7,245,800)	11,483,218 (10,509,272–12,509,813)
Indirect costs¶	52,814,507 (42,562,718–64,632,220)	10,086,761 (8,196,274–12,497,799)	17,427,649 (14,105,003–21,526,503)
Loss of income due to premature death	17,680,602	2,847,140	2,908,688
Total costs	225,896,097 (194,628,463–269,259,035)	55,402,254 (49,352,219–61,499,589)	70,467,656 (60,184,530–81,669,772)

CI = confidence interval.

Costs are derived from the survey of Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico, prepared from Ministry of Health and Social Protection and survey of households, Registro Individual de Prestación de Servicios de Salud (RIPS; 2010–2012), RIPS sample of towns (2010–2012) and Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (2010–2012) and are based on cost per case analysis presented by Castro and others.¹¹

^*Calculated using a bootstrap method (see text for details).

^†Includes medical appointments, treatments, and other services.

^‡Co-payment and medicines.

^§Transport, nurses' and carers' fees, lodging, food, child carers' fees, changes to living quarters, post-disease expenses, and other expenses.

^¶Loss of productivity.