Skip to main content
. 2016 Apr 21;2016:4523828. doi: 10.1155/2016/4523828

Table 3.

List of medicinal plants and polyherbal formulations with their related information used against diabetes and related complications reported by the informants.

Family Scientific name of plant
(identification number)		 Local name
of plant		 Indication Part of
plant used		 Method of preparation and administration RFC CIIH CIIM CIIC CIIB
Acanthaceae Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.
(AM15)		 Lait de vierge Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction with 3 leaves and drink 2 cups daily for 1 week. 0.16 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.00
Alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam) Sam.
(AM09)		 — High level of cholesterol — Sold as a Chinese tea against cholesterol. Prepare an infusion with the teabags which contain Alisma orientalis (Rhizoma alismatis), Radix angelicae sinensis, Herba artemisiae capillaris, Hawthorn berry, Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, Semen ziziphi spinosae, and Chinese tea. Drink 1 cup daily. 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.09
      Type 1 diabetes B Prepare a decoction with the bulb and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
      Type 2 diabetes B Prepare a decoction with the bulb and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
      Type 2 diabetes B Prepare juice with the bulb and add 1 teaspoon of honey. Drink 1 cup daily for 3 months.          
      High level of cholesterol B Prepare a decoction with the bulb and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
      Renal failure B Prepare a decoction with the bulb and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
  Allium cepa L.
(AM04) 		Zoiyon/oignon Hearing loss B Crush and press the bulb to obtain the juice and mix 30 g of the juice with 30 g of water. Heat and instill 3-4 drops in the affected ear. 0.48 0.28 0.12 0.17 0.03
Amaryllidaceae     Erectile dysfunction B Prepare juice with the bulb and add 1 teaspoon of honey. Drink 1 cup daily for 3 months.          
      Cataract B Prepare a decoction with the bulb and add 2 teaspoons of honey. Allow it to cool and use it as an eyebath daily.          
      Type 2 diabetes B Prepare a decoction with 2-3 cloves and drink 1 cup thrice per week.          
      Cataract B Prepare a decoction with 2-3 cloves and drink 1 cup thrice per week.          
      Renal failure B Consume 2-3 raw cloves daily for 1 week.          
  Allium sativum L.
(AM39) 		L'ail Hypertension B Swallow 2 small cloves with a cup of water thrice per week. 0.42 0.24 0.09 0.22 0.06
      Wound B Crush and press the bulb to obtain juice and apply the juice on the wound daily till healing.          
      Ulcer B Crush and press the bulb to obtain juice and apply the juice on the ulcer daily till healing.          
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L.
(AM20)		 Mangue Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.31 0.17 0.03 0.10 0.01
Annonaceae Annona muricata L.
(AM29)		 Coronsol Hypertension L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.16 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.00
Aphloiaceae Aphloia theiformis ∗ (Vahl) Benn.
(AM51)		 Fandamane Cataract L Prepare an infusion with the leaves and wash the eyes with it daily. 0.18 0.08 0.02 0.10 0.00
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Apiaceae Apium graveolens L.
(AM07)		 Céleri Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.37 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.03
Hypertension L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Coriandrum sativum L.
(AM11)		 Cotomili Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.18 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.00
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman exA.W. Hill.
(AM52) 		Persil High level of cholesterol L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.27 0.12 0.07 0.16 0.01
High level of cholesterol L Prepare a soup with the leaves together with Apium graveolens L. and Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. Consume it twice per week.
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Renal failure L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension L Prepare juice with the leaves together with Daucus carota  and Apium graveolens L. Drink 1 cup twice per week.
Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus L. G.Don
(AM17)		 Saponnaire (blanc) Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion with 7 leaves in 2 cups of hot water. Drink 1 cup thrice per week. 0.18 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.01
Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L.
(AM21) 		Coco Cataract Fr Instill 2 drops of oil in the eye twice per day. 0.23 0.08 0.02 0.12 0.00
Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare a decoction with the young fruits and drink 1 cup thrice per week.
Renal failure Fr Drink 1 cup of the fruit water four times per week.
Renal failure R Prepare a decoction of the root and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Asparagaceae Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Grawl.
(AM22)		 — Type 2 diabetes — Sold as Chinese antidiabetic tea. Prepare an infusion with the tea bags which contain Ophiopogon japonicas (Radix ophiopogonis), fragrant solomonseal rhizome, Chinese yam, Hawthorn berry, Radix puerariae, and white tea. Drink 1 cup daily. 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.11
Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L.
(AM31)		 Lavilbag Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of 3 leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.28 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.04
Hypertension L Prepare a decoction of 3 leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
    Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion with 10 g of leaves in 1 L of water and drink 1 cup twice/thrice per week.          
    High level of cholesterol L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per day for 1 week.          
Cynara cardunculus L.
(AM24) 		Artichaut High level of cholesterol L Prepare juice with the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.31 0.10 0.06 0.15 0.07
    Atherosclerosis L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per day for 1 week.          
    Atherosclerosis L Prepare juice with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per day for 1 week.          
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.
(AM05) 		Herbe de flacq Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.34 0.17 0.09 0.08 0.00
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of the leaves together with Aphloia theiformis, Faujasiopsis flexuosa, Rubus alceifolius, Ravenala madagascariensis, and Rhizophora mucronata. Drink 1 cup twice per week.
Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea L.
(AM33) 		Li chou Cardiovascular disease L Prepare juice with the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.37 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.02
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare juice with the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.
Wound L Apply the leaves as a cataplasm on the wound.
Cataract L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice and instill 3-4 drops in each eye 2 hours daily till healing.
Hearing loss L Prepare juice with the leaves and mix equal amount of the juice with equal amount of the juice of Citrus medica L. fruit. Instill 2 drops in the ears daily before going to bed.
Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
(AM30)		 Anana Renal failure Fr Consume ripe fruit twice per week. 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.00
Cardiovascular disease Fr Prepare juice with the fruit and water and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Caricaceae Carica papaya L.
(AM45) 		Papaya Hypertension Fr Consume ripe fruit half an hour before breakfast thrice per week. 0.21 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.02
High level of cholesterol Fr Crush and press the raw fruit to obtain milky liquid and drink 1 teaspoon twice per week.
Cardiovascular disease Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with Daucus carota. Drink 1 cup thrice per week.
Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L.
(AM10)		 Concombre Type 1 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit and water and drink 1 cup on alternative days. 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.01
Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit and water and drink 1 cup on alternative days.
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
(AM01) 		Giromon Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare a decoction with the peels in water and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.23 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.01
Cataract Fl Crush and press the flower to obtain juice. Apply juice as compress externally on the eyes.
Renal failure Se Seeds are dried in bright sunlight for 1 day and eaten raw the following day. Seeds should be consumed thrice per week.
Wound Fr Prepare juice with the fruit and apply it on wound till healing.
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.
(AM41)		 Calebasse Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare a decoction of the peels in water by allowing it to boil for 20 minutes. Drink 1 cup for 3 days. 0.32 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.07
High level of cholesterol L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.
(AM08) 		Patole Hypertension L Crush and press 3–5 leaves to obtain juice and drink it twice per week. 0.17 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.00
Cardiovascular disease L Prepare juice with the leaves together with Swertia chirayita and honey. Drink 1 cup twice per week.
    Type 2 diabetes L Eat 2-3 leaves twice per week.          
    Type 2 diabetes L Extract the liquid by crushing the leaves and drink 1 teaspoon twice per week.          
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Extract the liquid by crushing the fruit and drink 1-2 teaspoons twice per week.          
    Type 2 diabetes Se Dry the seeds in bright sunlight during the day and at night allow them to soak in a cup of water and drink it the next morning on an empty stomach.          
    Type 2 diabetes L Prepare juice with 3 leaves and add Piper nigrum. Drink it once per week.          
Momordica charantia L.
(AM03) 		Margose Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with Phaseolus vulgaris L., Malus domestica, and Aloe barbadensis. Drink 1 cup once per week. 0.46 0.23 0.09 0.11 0.05
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica and the fruit of Syzygium cumini. Drink 1 cup twice per week.          
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and drink 1 cup twice per week.          
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with Cucumis sativus and drink 1 cup twice per week.          
    High level of cholesterol Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica and the fruit of Syzygium cumini. Drink 1 cup twice per week.          
Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L.
(AM37)		 Tamarin Hypertension Fr Prepare juice with the pulp and water and drink 1 cup twice per day for 1 day. 0.39 0.12 0.09 0.18 0.02
Pain L Prepare a foot bath with a decoction of the leaves mixed with 1 teaspoon of salt.
    Type 2 diabetes Se Prepare a decoction with the seeds and drink 1 cup thrice per week.          
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
(AM18)		 Methi High level of cholesterol Se Soak the seeds in 1 glass of water for 1 night and drink it the next morning on an empty stomach. 0.43 0.23 0.06 0.22 0.01
    Erectile dysfunction Se Prepare a decoction with 1 teaspoon of seeds and 2 cups of water. Drink 1 cup on an empty stomach in the morning daily for 1 week.        
      Type 2 diabetes L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice and drink 2 teaspoons twice per week.          
      Type 2 diabetes L Consume 2 raw leaves twice per week.          
      Hypertension L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice and drink 2 teaspoons twice per week.          
      Cataract L Crush 2 leaves and press to obtain juice and take 1 drop of the juice in the eye daily.          
  Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
(AM26)		 Tulsi Cataract L Crush and press 3-4 leaves to obtain juice and add 2 teaspoons of honey. Instill 2 drops of the mixture in the eye each night for 5 days. 0.48 0.39 0.15 0.16 0.02
Lamiaceae     Erectile dysfunction L Prepare a decoction with 3 leaves together with 3 leaves of Piper betle and drink 1 cup twice per week.          
      Wound L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice and mix the juice with the oil of Cocos nucifera that has previously been heated and apply it on the wound.          
      High level of cholesterol L Crush and press 3 leaves to obtain juice and add 2 teaspoons of honey and drink twice per week.          
  Prunella vulgaris L.
(AM28)		 — Hypertension — Sold as Chinese antihypertensive tea. Prepare an infusion with the tea bags which contain Prunella vulgaris L. (Selfheal spike), Ramulus uncariae cumuncis, Fructus leonuri, and Chinese oolong tea. Drink 1 cup daily. 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.08
Lauraceae Persea americana Mill.
(AM34) 		Avocat Cataract Fr Prepare juice with 2 cups of yoghurt, 1/2 a cup of the fruit, and 1/2 a cup of water and drink 1 cup once per week. 0.21 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.00
High level of cholesterol Fr Prepare juice with 2 cups of yoghurt, 1/2 a cup of the fruit, and 1/2 a cup of water and drink 1 cup once per week.
Linaceae Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus.
(AM40) 		Grain de lin Type 2 diabetes Se Soak the seeds in a cup of water at night and drink it the next morning on an empty stomach. Drink it thrice per week. 0.34 0.16 0.13 0.08 0.01
Renal failure Se Soak the seeds in a cup of water at night and drink it the next morning on an empty stomach. Drink it thrice per week.
High level of cholesterol Se Soak the seeds in a cup of water at night and drink it the next morning on an empty stomach. Drink it thrice per week.
Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss
(AM16) 		Neem, lila perche Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.46 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.04
Type 2 diabetes L Crush the leaves and make small balls with them and allow them to dry in the sun. The following day, swallow 2 balls with 1 glass of water twice per week.
Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
(AM36)		 Zack Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare a decoction with the young fruits and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.19 0.07 0.02 0.08 0.02
Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam.
(AM42) 		Brède mouroungue Type 2 diabetes L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice. Mix it with milk and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.26 0.12 0.06 0.16 0.00
High level of cholesterol L Crush and press the leaves to obtain juice. Mix it with milk and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension R Prepare a decoction with the root and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension St Prepare a decoction with the stem and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
(AM32)		 Eucalyptus Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion with 2-3 leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.00
      L Prepare an infusion with 3 leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
Psidium guajava L.
(AM50)		 Goyave Type 2 diabetes Fr Consume rip fruit thrice per week. 0.38 0.17 0.04 0.15 0.02
      Fr Prepare a juice of the fruit and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.          
Syzygium cumini L. Skeels
(AM06) 		Jamblon Type 2 L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.49 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.03
Fr Consume 10 ripe fruits thrice per week.
Fr Prepare juice with 1 cup of the fruits and 2 cups of water. Drink 1 cup twice per week.
Se Prepare a decoction with the seeds and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Fr Sold as an Ayurvedic preparation known as “Karela jamun” which contains Syzygium cumini and Momordica charantia. Drink 5–10 ml of the preparation with 1/2 a glass of water twice per day.
Fr Sold as an Ayurvedic preparation known as “Yesaka” which contains Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Syzygium cumini, Picrorhiza kurroa, Swertia chirata, Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Curauma longa, Salacia chinensis Linn., and Melia azadirachta. Drink 1 tablespoon twice per day.
Oleaceae Olea europaea L.
(AM02)		 Zolive Hypertension L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.24 0.10 0.04 0.13 0.02
Cardiovascular disease L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week.
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L.
(AM13) 		Amla Type 2 diabetes — Sold as an Ayurvedic preparation called “Triphala” containing Phyllanthus emblica, Bellirica myrobalan, and Chebulic myrobalan. Drink 1 tablespoon daily. 0.52 0.25 0.14 0.16 0.06
Type 2 diabetes — Sold as an Ayurvedic preparation known as “Amla karela” which contains Phyllanthus emblica and Momordica charantia. Drink 10–30 ml of the preparation daily in 100 ml of water.
Type 2 diabetes Fr Consume raw fruits thrice per week.
Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with 1 cup of fruits and 1 cup of water and add 1 teaspoon of honey to the juice (optional). Drink 1 cup thrice per week.
High level of cholesterol Fr Prepare juice with 1 cup of fruits and 1 cup of water and drink 1 cup thrice per week.
Poaceae Avena sativa L.
(AM35) 		Oatmeal Type 2 diabetes Gr The grains are soaked in 1 cup of water during the night and drunk in the morning on an empty stomach. 0.32 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.02
High level of cholesterol Gr The grains are soaked in 1 cup of water during the night and drunk in the morning on an empty stomach.
Dry skin Gr The grains are crushed into fined powders and mixed with 1 tablespoon of almond oil to form a paste and applied on wet skin after bath. Leave it for 10 minutes then rinse it with water.
Primulaceae Lysimachia christinae Hance
(AM19)		 — Urinary tract infection L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup daily for 1 week. 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata ∗ Lam.
(AM25)		 Manglier Type 2 diabetes R Prepare an infusion of the roots and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.39 0.16 0.04 0.19 0.00
Rosaceae Crataegus laevigata Poir. DC.
(AM38) 		Aubépine Cataract L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and wash the eye with it. 0.32 0.14 0.06 0.17 0.00
High level of cholesterol L Prepare an infusion of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension Fl Prepare an infusion with 1 teaspoon of flower and drink 2 cups per day twice per week.
Atherosclerosis Fl Prepare an infusion with 1 teaspoon of flower and drink 2 cups per day twice per week.
Rubus alceifolius Poir.
(AM14)		 Piquant loulou Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.36 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.02
Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L.
(AM12)		 Noni Type 2 diabetes Fr The fruit is peeled, crushed, and pressed to obtain the juice. Drink 1 cup thrice per week. 0.54 0.24 0.19 0.25 0.07
High level of cholesterol Fr The fruit is peeled, crushed, and pressed to obtain the juice. Drink 1 cup thrice per week.
Hypertension L Prepare an infusion with the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Pain L Apply warm oil on the painful area and bind it with the leaves.
Vangueria madagascariensis J.F.Gmel.
(AM27)		 Vavangue Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.37 0.12 0.08 0.19 0.02
Hypertension L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Rutaceae     Hypertension Fr Peel and press the fruit to obtain the juice and drink 1 cup.          
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with 1 clove of Allium sativum, 1 teaspoon of honey, and 1 cup of water. Drink 1 cup twice per week.          
    Renal failure L Peel and press the fruit to obtain juice and drink 1 cup twice per week.          
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle
(AM49)		 Limon Renal failure Fr Peel and prepare juice with the pulp and add 1 teaspoon of honey. Drink thrice per week in the morning. 0.55 0.24 0.10 0.23 0.05
    Cardiovascular disease L Prepare an infusion with 4 leaves and drink 1 cup thrice per week.          
    Cardiovascular disease Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with 1 clove of Allium sativum L., 1 teaspoon of honey, and 1 cup of water. Drink 1 cup twice per week.          
    Cataract Fr Prepare juice with the pulp and add 2 teaspoons of honey and use it as an eyebath daily.          
    Type 2 diabetes Fr Prepare a decoction of the peels in water and drink 1 cup thrice per week.          
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Osbeck
(AM47)		 Pamplemousse High level of cholesterol Fr Prepare a decoction of the peels in water and drink 1 cup thrice per week. 0.48 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.02
    High level of cholesterol Fr Prepare juice with the fruit together with Daucus carota and 2 cm of Zingiber officinale root. Drink 1 cup once per week.          
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng
(AM44)		 Carripoulet Hypertension L Prepare an infusion with 3 leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.18 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.01
Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
(AM23)		 Pocpoc Gangrene L Prepare an infusion of the leaves together with Senna alexandrina Mill. and Senna alata L. Drink 1 cup twice per week. 0.21 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.00
Wound L Crush the leaves and apply them on the wound as a poultice.
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare a decoction of the leaves and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Theaceae Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze
(AM48)		 Thé vert Cataract L Prepare an infusion with the tea bags and wash the eye with it. 0.45 0.26 0.12 0.27 0.08
Type 2 diabetes L Prepare an infusion with the tea bags and drink 1 cup twice per week.
Hypertension L Prepare an infusion with the tea bags and drink 1 cup twice per week.
High level of cholesterol L Prepare an infusion with the tea bags and drink 1 cup twice per week.
High level of cholesterol L Prepare an infusion with the teabags together with Cinnamomum verum. Drink 1 cup twice per week at night.
Verbenaceae Aloysia citriodora Palau
(AM45)		 Verveine Cardiovascular disease W Prepare an infusion with 1 teaspoon of the plant in 1 cup of hot water. Allow it to infuse for 10 minutes and drink 1 cup thrice per week. 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.07 0.00
Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
(AM46) 		Aloe vera Type 2 diabetes L Gel is removed from the leaf pulp and 2 tablespoons are eaten daily in the morning for 1 week. 0.53 0.17 0.15 0.23 0.06
Type 2 diabetes L Sold as an Ayurvedic juice. 10 ml taken twice daily after meal.
High level of cholesterol L Prepare a mixture with 2 tablespoons of the gel removed from the leaf pulp, 1 cup of yoghurt, and 1/2 a cup of water. Mix all in a juicer and drink 1 cup of the juice obtained twice per week.
Gangrene L Prepare a footbath with the decoction of the leaf mixed with 1 teaspoon of salt and 1 teaspoon of vinegar. Soak foot for 30–45 minutes daily for 1 week.

RFC: relative frequency of citation, CIIH: cultural importance index among the Hindu community, CIIM: cultural importance index among the Muslim community, CIIC: cultural importance index among the Christian community, and CIIB: cultural importance index among the Buddhist community. Plant part used: R, root; L, leaf; Fr, fruit; Se, seeds; W, whole plant; B, bulb; St, stem; Fl, flower; Gr, grain. ∗List of endemic plants.