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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 5.
Published in final edited form as: Leukemia. 2015 Mar 12;29(7):1458–1469. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.69

Table 2.

Human TLRs and their ligands

TLR Localization Canonical ligand Abnormalities in MDS References
TLR1 Plasma membrane Triacyl lipoproteins Overexpressed Wei et al.51
TLR2 Plasma membrane Lipoproteins (dimerizes with TLR1 or TLR6) Overexpressed, higher in low-risk MDS, mutated Kuninaka et al.,50 Wei et al.51
TLR3 Endolysosomes dsRNA Not reported
TLR4 Plasma membrane LPS Overexpressed, correlated with apoptosis Maratheftis et al.,49 Kuninaka et al.50
TLR5 Plasma membrane Flagellin Not reported
TLR6 Plasma membrane Diacyl lipoproteins Overexpressed, higher in high-risk MDS Wei et al.51
TLR7 Endolysosomes ssRNA and small purine analogs Overexpressed Ganan-Gomez et al.120
TLR8 Endolysosomes ssRNA Not reported
TLR9 Endolysosomes CpG-DNA Overexpressed, correlated with TNF-α expression, decreased with progression Kuninaka et al.50
TLR11 Plasma membrane Unknown Not reported

Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; TLR, Toll-like receptor.