Table 1.

Demographic and neuropsychological data (mean, SD, and range) for young, middle-aged, and older adults.

	Young adults			Middle-aged adults			Older adults

	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range
Age	22.2	3.0	18–29	49.4	3.4	43–55	68.4	3.6	63–76
Years of Education^a^†	15.5	2.4	11–22	16.3	2.6	10–22	17.1	2.3	12–22
Mini Mental State Exam	29.6	0.6	28–30	29.3	0.8	28–30	29.3	0.8	27–30
CVLT¹ Composite Recall^a^†	13.3	1.9	9.3–16	12.4	2.0	9–16	12.0	2.5	5.5–16
CVLT¹ Recognition^a^‡^{, b}^*	15.6	0.6	14–16	15.2	0.9	13–16	14.8	1.3	12–16
CVLT¹ False Positives^a^†^{, b}^*	0.9	1.0	0–4	1.9	2.2	0–8	1.9	2.2	0–10
WMS² Composite Score	29.0	6.6	15.5–41	27.1	6.2	14–44.5	27.5	5.3	18.5–39.5
Forward/Backward Digit Span	18.0	3.9	11–26	18.2	3.5	13–26	18.3	4.4	12–27
Digit Symbol Substitution^a^‡^{, b}^†^{, c}^†	61.4	10.1	39–83	55.2	7.8	41–70	49.7	8.5	31–74
Trail A^a^‡^{, c}^‡	20.9	7.3	11–47	24.1	6.7	14–39	32.5	11.4	15–88
Trail B^a^‡^{, c}^‡	46.7	17.3	23–108	51.7	16.9	27–95	74.8	46.7	31–360
Letter Fluency	43.6	11.8	23–65	47.5	12.0	28–69	45.3	12.6	21–81
Category Fluency	24.8	5.9	16–42	24.0	5.9	13–36	22.3	5.5	12–40
WTAR³ Raw Score	112.3	5.0	102–119	111.1	5.1	101–118	112.5	5.5	101–119
Raven’s Prog. Matrices^{4 a}^‡^{, b}^**	11.2	1.0	8–12	10.4	1.5	7–12	9.7	2.0	3–12

California Verbal Learning Test.

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV).

Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Full Scale Intellectual Quotient.

⁴

Short version of Raven’s Progressive Matrices.

Note: Statistically significant difference between a) young and older adults, b) young and middle-aged adults, c) middle-aged and older adults.

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

^†

p < 0.005,

^‡

p < 0.001, 2-tailed t-tests.