Table 1.
Young adults | Middle-aged adults | Older adults | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | |
Age | 22.2 | 3.0 | 18–29 | 49.4 | 3.4 | 43–55 | 68.4 | 3.6 | 63–76 |
Years of Educationa† | 15.5 | 2.4 | 11–22 | 16.3 | 2.6 | 10–22 | 17.1 | 2.3 | 12–22 |
Mini Mental State Exam | 29.6 | 0.6 | 28–30 | 29.3 | 0.8 | 28–30 | 29.3 | 0.8 | 27–30 |
CVLT1 Composite Recalla† | 13.3 | 1.9 | 9.3–16 | 12.4 | 2.0 | 9–16 | 12.0 | 2.5 | 5.5–16 |
CVLT1 Recognitiona‡, b* | 15.6 | 0.6 | 14–16 | 15.2 | 0.9 | 13–16 | 14.8 | 1.3 | 12–16 |
CVLT1 False Positivesa†, b* | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0–4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0–8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0–10 |
WMS2 Composite Score | 29.0 | 6.6 | 15.5–41 | 27.1 | 6.2 | 14–44.5 | 27.5 | 5.3 | 18.5–39.5 |
Forward/Backward Digit Span | 18.0 | 3.9 | 11–26 | 18.2 | 3.5 | 13–26 | 18.3 | 4.4 | 12–27 |
Digit Symbol Substitutiona‡, b†, c† | 61.4 | 10.1 | 39–83 | 55.2 | 7.8 | 41–70 | 49.7 | 8.5 | 31–74 |
Trail Aa‡, c‡ | 20.9 | 7.3 | 11–47 | 24.1 | 6.7 | 14–39 | 32.5 | 11.4 | 15–88 |
Trail Ba‡, c‡ | 46.7 | 17.3 | 23–108 | 51.7 | 16.9 | 27–95 | 74.8 | 46.7 | 31–360 |
Letter Fluency | 43.6 | 11.8 | 23–65 | 47.5 | 12.0 | 28–69 | 45.3 | 12.6 | 21–81 |
Category Fluency | 24.8 | 5.9 | 16–42 | 24.0 | 5.9 | 13–36 | 22.3 | 5.5 | 12–40 |
WTAR3 Raw Score | 112.3 | 5.0 | 102–119 | 111.1 | 5.1 | 101–118 | 112.5 | 5.5 | 101–119 |
Raven’s Prog. Matrices4 a‡, b** | 11.2 | 1.0 | 8–12 | 10.4 | 1.5 | 7–12 | 9.7 | 2.0 | 3–12 |
California Verbal Learning Test.
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV).
Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Full Scale Intellectual Quotient.
Short version of Raven’s Progressive Matrices.
Note: Statistically significant difference between a) young and older adults, b) young and middle-aged adults, c) middle-aged and older adults.
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.005,
p < 0.001, 2-tailed t-tests.