Table 4.

Case Reports and Details

Author	Year	Age	Sex	Surgical Approach	Diaphragmatic Management	Comments
Mubang	2015	41	Male	Thoracotomy	Gore-tex patch reconstruction	Serratus sparing thoracotomy
Herek [18]	2014	42	Male	N/A	N/A
Subramanian [19]	2013	13	Male	Thoracoscopy	Primary closure	Interrupted sutures
Jiang [20]	2013	38	Female	Thoracotomy	Primary closure	Interrupted figure of eight sutures
Kim [21]	2011	56	Female	Thoracotomy	Gore-tex patch reconstruction	Conversion from thoracoscopic approach
Elemen [6]	2008	1.6	Female	Laparotomy	No diaphragmatic injury
Zugel [7]	2008	43	Female	Laparoscopy	Primary closure	Interrupted 2–0 Ethibond
Chang [8]	2006	74	Female	Thoracoscopy	N/A
Chang [8]	2006	54	Female	Thoracoscopy	N/A
Anile [22]	2006	38	Female	Thoracotomy	N/A
Westphal [9]	2003	32	Female	Thoracotomy	Prolene mesh reconstruction	Non-absorbable sutures
Liou [10]	2001	34	Male	Thoracotomy	Primary closure
Desrumaux [11]	2001	50	Male	N/A	N/A
Hoang [12]	1999	51	Male	Laparotomy	N/A
Rozenblit [13]	1998	64	Female	Laparotomy	N/A
Subramaniam [14]	1996	50	Male	Thoracoabdominal	Primary closure	11th rib resection performed; interrupted 2–0 vicryl sutures
Dagenais [15]	1995	51	Female	Thoracoabdominal	Primary closure
Gourlay [23]	1966	41	Male	Thoracotomy	Primary closure	Interrupted silk sutures
Aaron [24]	1964	21	Female	Thoracotomy	Primary closure	Two layer closure
Buddington [16]	1957	62	Male	Thoracoabdominal	Primary closure	Silk mattress sutures
Kesseler [17]	1955	41	Female	Thoracotomy	N/A