Table 2.
Distribution of Ixodes scapularis organisms in eastern North America, from 78 studies reviewed (2000–2015)
| Organism | Jurisdiction where organism detected (Canadian provinces and US states)a |
|---|---|
| Tick-borne organisms | |
| Alphaproteobacteria | |
| Anaplasmataceae | |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum b,c | Canada: AB, MB, NB, NL, NS, ON, PE, QC, SK; US: CT, DE, GA, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, ND, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA, WI |
| Ehrlichia chaffeensis b | US: NY |
| Ehrlichia ewingii b | US: TN |
| Ehrlichia Panola Mountain sp.b | US: TN |
| Ehrlichia muris-like sp. (or E. sp. nr. muris)b | US: MN, WI |
| Bartonellaceae | |
| Bartonella henselae b | US: NJ, NY, PA |
| Unidentified/uncharacterized Bartonella spp. | US: MD, NJ, PA |
| Rickettsiaceae | |
| Candidatus Rickettsia cooleyi (or cooleyi-like)d | US: FL, GA, TN, TX |
| Candidatus Rickettsia IRS4 | US: MA |
| Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii | US: TN |
| Rickettsia buchneri d | US: MN |
| Rickettsia massiliae/Rickettsia sp. Bar 29 | US: NC |
| Rickettsia parkeri b | US: LA |
| Rickettsia peacockii d | US: TX |
| Rickettsia endosymbiont of Ixodes scapularis d | US: CT, IN, LA, MA, ME, NY, PA, TN, WI |
| Rickettsia sp. Is-I | US: GA |
| Rickettsia sp. TR-39 | US: FL, GA |
| Unidentified/uncharacterized Rickettsia spp. | US: MD, NC, TN |
| Wolbachia sp. | US: CT |
| Spirochaetes | |
| Spirochaetaceae | |
| Borrelia andersonii b | US: MI |
| Borrelia bissettii b | US: LA |
| Borrelia burgdorferi s.s.b | Canada: AB, MB, NB, NS, NL, ON, PE, QC; US: AR, CT, DE, GA, IA, IL, IN, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NC, ND, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, SC, TX, VA, WI |
| Borrelia kurtenbachii b | Canada: NS; US: NY |
| Borrelia lonestari b | US: AR, MA, NY |
| Borrelia miyamotoi b | Canada: AB, MB, NB, NS, ON, PE, QC; US: CT, IA, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VA, WI |
| Unidentified/uncharacterized Borrelia sp. | US: NY |
| Piroplasmida | |
| Babesiidae | |
| Babesia microti b | US: CT, MA, MD, ME, MN, NH, NJ, NY, PA, WI |
| Babesia odocoilei | US: IN, IL, ME, MI, MS, PA, TN, WI |
| Theileriidae | |
| Theileria cervi | US: TN |
| Viruses | |
| Bunyaviridae | |
| Blacklegged tick phlebovirus | US: NY |
| South Bay virus | US: NY |
| Flaviviridae | |
| Deer tick virus (POWV lineage II)b | US: CT, MA, NY, RI, WI |
| Powassan virus (POWV lineage I)b | US: NY |
| POWV (not subtyped)b | US: NY |
| Reoviridae | |
| St. Croix River viruse | US: WI |
| Other | |
| Ixodes scapularis mononegaviralese | US: NY |
| Non-vector-borne, gut/surface orgnaisms | |
| Alphaproteobacteria | |
| Bradyrhizobiaceae | |
| Afipia broomeae f | US: NY |
| Afipia felis f | US: CT |
| Caulobacteraceae | |
| Uncultured bacterium 1 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 2 | US: CT |
| Methylobacteriaceae | |
| Methylobacterium mesophilicum f | US: CT |
| Methylobacterium sp. strain G296-5 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 3 | US: CT |
| Sphingomonadaceae | |
| Sphingomonas elodea f | US: CT |
| Sphingomonas melonis f | US: CT |
| Sphingomonas sp. | US: CT |
| Sphingomonas sp. strain BF2 | US: CT |
| Sphingomonas sp. AV069 | US: CT |
| Sphingopyxis alaskensis | US: CT |
| Sphingobacterium sp. | US: NY |
| Betaproteobacteria | |
| Burkholderiaceae | |
| Burkholderia sp. | US: CT |
| Ralstonia mannitolilytica f | US: NY |
| Comamonadaceae | |
| Delftia acidovorans f | US: CT |
| Delftia acidovorans WDL34f | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 4 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 5 | US: CT |
| Gammaproteobacteria | |
| Enterobacteriaceae | |
| Enterobacter asburiae f | US: NY |
| Escherichia coli f | US: CT |
| Photorhabdus sp. | US: NY |
| Raoultella sp. | US: NY |
| Shigella sp. | US: NY |
| Uncultured gamma protebacterium | US: NY |
| Acinetobacter sp. strain phenon 4 | US: CT |
| Acinetobacter sp. 1 | US: CT |
| Acinetobacter sp. 2 | US: NY |
| Pseudomonadaceae | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens f | US: NY |
| Pseudomonas sp. 1 | US: NY |
| Pseudomonas sp. 2 | US: NY |
| Pseudomonas sp. 3 | US: NY |
| Symbiont cf. Pseudomonas | US: NY |
| Xanthomonadaceae | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia f | US: CT |
| Uncultured Stenotrophomonas sp. | US: NY |
| Stenotrophomonas sp. | US: NY |
| Actinobacteria | |
| Mycobacteriaceae | |
| Mycobacterium manitobense f | US: CT |
| Nocardiaceae | |
| Rhodococcus erythropolis strain NVIf | US: CT |
| Rhodococcus sp. | US: NY |
| Williamsia sp. | US: NY |
| Propionibacteriaceae | |
| Propionibacterium acnes f | US: CT |
| Firmicutes | |
| Bacillaceae | |
| Bacillus sp. | US: CT |
| Streptococcaceae | |
| Uncultured Streptococcus sp. | US: CT |
| Unclassified Bacteria | |
| Uncultured bacterium 6 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 7 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 8 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 9 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 10 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 11 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 12 | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 13 | US: CT |
| Plastid clone | US: CT |
| Uncultured bacterium 14 | US: NY |
| Uncultured/unidentified bacterium | US: NY |
aCanada: AB, Alberta; MB, Manitoba; NB, New Brunswick; NL, Newfoundland; NS, Nova Scotia; ON, Ontario; PE, Prince Edward Island; SK, Saskatchewan; QC, Quebec. US: AR, Arkansas; CT, Connecticut; DE, Delaware; FL, Florida; GA, Georgia; IL, Illinois; IN, Indiana; IA, Iowa; LA, Louisiana; ME, Maine; MD, Maryland; MA, Massachusetts; MI, Michigan; MN, Minnesota; MS, Mississippi; NH, New Hampshire; NJ, New Jersey; NY, New York; NC, North Carolina; ND, North Dakota; PA, Pennsylvania; RI, Rhode Island; SC, South Carolina; TN, Tennessee; TX, Texas; VT, Vermont; VA, Virginia; WI, Wisconsin
bKnown or putative human pathogen, B. andersoni [131]; B. bissettii [132]; B. kurtenbachii [133]; B. lonestari [134]; R. parkeri [91]
cBoth the Ap-ha strain (human disease strain) and the Ap-variant-1 strain were pooled during data extraction, since not all studies distinguished between the two
dKnown or putative endosymbiont of Ix. scapularis
eLikely a viral genome integrated into I. scapularis genome [135, 136]
fHuman pathogen, but likely not transmitted by blacklegged ticks, gut organisms