Table 2. Psychosocial risk factors (yellow flags) for the chronification of nonspecific back pain.

Strong evidence	Moderately strong evidence	Limited evidence	No evidence
Depression, distress (mainly occupational) Pain-related cognitive processes (e.g., catastrophization, helplessness/hopelessness, fear-avoidance beliefs Passive pain behavior (e.g., marked protective and avoidance behavior)	Pain-related reactions such as thought suppression Overactive pain-related behavior such as task persistence, suppressive pain behavior Somatization tendency	Personality traits	Psychopathological abnormalities