Table 1.

Formation of the amputation callus in clodronate‐liposome (Clo‐lipo) injected animals

				Amputation callus
	Day after surgery	Number of samples	Spikea	Normal	Partially formedb	Not formedc
Mouse
Local injection
Clo‐lipo	7 days	11	−	1 (9%)	10 (91%)	0 (0%)
Control‐lipo	7 days	5	−	5 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Xenopus
Local injection
Clo‐lipo	14 days	5	−	0 (0%)	3 (60%)	2 (40%)
Control‐lipo	10 days	7	−	7 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Intraperitoneal injection
Clo‐lipo	10 days	4	−	0 (0%)	3 (75%)	1 (25%)
	20–60 days	5	0	0 (0%)	2 (40%)	3 (60%)
Control‐lipo	10 days	9	−	9 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
	20–30 days	3	3	3 (100%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)

^aSpike formation was counted in animals that were raised for a long time after amputation, so that a spike is easily recognizable in control animals.

^bSmall cartilaginous calluses are formed, but the size of the calluses is dramatically reduced.

^cNo round‐shaped chondrocytes are found ectopically.