Appendix Table 1.

Years of schooling, first-stage instrumental variable analysis for Table 3, women born 1977–1984, Malawi 2010 Demographic and Health Survey

	(2)			(4)
	Coef.	SE		Coef.	SE
Exposure to education policies	0.57	0.12	***	0.60	0.13	***
Adult mortality at age 15				−0.00	0.01
Ethnicity (ref. Chewa)
Tumbuka	1.47	0.32	***	1.47	0.32	***
Lomwe	0.08	0.25		0.08	0.25
Yao	0.26	0.31		0.26	0.31
Ngoni	0.73	0.26	**	0.73	0.26	**
Other	0.01	0.27		0.01	0.27
Religion (ref. Catholic)
Protestant	−0.79	0.16	***	−0.79	0.16	***
Muslim	−1.64	0.30	***	−1.64	0.30	***
Other/None	−2.48	0.52	***	−2.49	0.52	***
Urban	2.71	0.20	***	2.71	0.20	***
Constant	5.63	0.35	***	5.75	0.45	***
District fixed effects	Yes			Yes
N	6037			6037
R-squared	0.1988			0.1988
F-statistic	35.38			34.56

Note:

⁺p<0.10

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001