Table 3. Signs and symptoms including Budapest criteria at visit 1 and follow-up examination.
| Symptoms | Signs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Visit 1 | Follow-up | Visit 1 | Follow-up | p symptoms upon 1./follow-up visit | p signs upon 1./follow-up visit | p signs vs symptoms upon 1. visit | p signs vs symptoms upon follow-up |
| Pain | 19 (100%) | 16 (84.2%) | n.s. | |||||
| Continuous pain | 16 (84.2%) | 7 (36.8%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Intermittend pain | 0 | 7 (36.8%) | <0.05 | |||||
| Pain at orthostatic conditions | 15 (79.0%) | 4 (21.1%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Pain upon movement | 19 (100%) | 1 (5.3%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Pain attacks | 5 (26.3%) | 8 (42.1%) | n.s. | |||||
| Sensory abnormalities | 17 (89.5%) | 17 (89.5%) | 15 (79%) | 15 (79%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Tingling paraesthesiaa | 3 (15.8%) | 11 (57.9%) | <0.01 | |||||
| Numbnessa | 10 (52.6%) | 10(52.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Mechanical Allodynia | 12 (63.2%) | 10 (52.6%) | 5 (26.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | n.s. | n.s. | <0.05 | <0.01 |
| Hyperalgesia (all) | 9 (47.4%) | 14 (73.7%) | 11 (57.9%) | 14 (73.7%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s | n.s. |
| Cold Hyperalgesia | 1 (5.3%) | 9 (47.4%) | 7(36.8%) | 10 (52.6%) | <0.01 | n.s. | <0.05 | n.s. |
| Heat Hyperalgesia | 2 (10.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 7 (36.8%) | 10 (52.6%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Mechanical hyperalgesia | 8 (42.1%) | 10 (52.6%) | 19 (100%) | 12 (63.2%) | n.s. | <0.01 | <0.01 | n.s. |
| Autonomic abnormalities | ||||||||
| Vascular disorders | 14 (73.7%) | 14 (73.7%) | 14 (73.7%) | 14 (73.7%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Skin temperature differences | 9 (47.4%) | 10 (52.6%) | 8 (57.1%)* | 8 (42.1%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Changes of skin color | 12 (63.2%) | 12 (63.2%) | 11 (57.9%) | 10 (52.6%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Sudomotor/ Edema | 19 (100%) | 13 (68.4%) | 18 (94.7%) | 4 (21.1%) | <0.05 | <0.01 | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Edema (all) | 18 (94.7%) | 11 (57.9%) | 17 (89.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Intermittend Edema | 3 (15.8%) | 9 (47.4%) | 0 | 0 | <0.05 | n.s. | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Edema at rest | 15 (79%) | 2 (10.5%) | 17 (89.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | n.s. | n.s. |
| Sudomotor abnormalities (all) | 11 (57.9%) | 7 (36.8%) | 6 (42.1%) | 1 (5.3%) | n.s. | <0.05 | n.s. | <0.05 |
| Hyperhidrosis | 9 (42.1%) | 5 (26.3%) | 5 (26.3%) | 0 | n.s. | <0.05 | n.s. | n.s. |
| Hypohidrosis | 3 (15.8%) | 2 (10.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Motor/trophic | ||||||||
| Trophic symptoms/signs (all) | 11 (57.9%) | 6 (31.6%) | 5 (26.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Trophical changes of skin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Hypertrichiosis | 4 (21.1%) | 3 (15.8%) | 4 (21.1%) | 1 (5.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Increased/ decreased growth of finger-nails | 11 (57.9%) | 5 (26.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | 0 | <0.05 | n.s. | <0.01 | n.s. |
| Motor symptoms/signs (all) | 14 (73.7%) | 17 (89.5%) | 17 (89.5%) | 13 (68.4%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Reduced strength | 10 (52.6%) | 16 (84.2%) | 10 (52.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | <0.05 | n.s. | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Tremor | 1 (5.3%) | 5 (26.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | 2 (10.5%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Dystonia | 3 (15.8%) | 1 (5.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | 1 (5.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Range of motion | 6 (31.6%) | 15 (79%) | 12 (63.2%) | 10 (52.6%) | <0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
| Muscle atrophiea | 0 | 6 (31.6%) | 0 | 5 (26.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | <0.05 | <0.05 |
| Stiffness of jointsa | 6 (31.6%) | 15 (79%) | 7 (36.8%) | 5 (26.3%) | <0.01 | n.s. | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Decreased serviceabilitya | 13 (68.4%) | 16 (84.2%) | 13 (68.4%) | 5 (26.3%) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | <0.01 |
| Budapest criteria confirmed | 19 (100%) | 13 (68.2%) | <0.05 | |||||
Symptoms are phenomenons told by the patients (subjective), signs are phenomenons found upon examinations by the investigator. Numbness (sign): Abnormal loss of mechanical detection upon QST. Allodynia (symptoms): Agreed with the answer “pain caused by touch”. Allodynia (signs): Abnormal DMA upon QST. Mechanical hyperalgesia (symptoms): Agreed with the answer „increased pain by mechanical stimulation “of the clinical questionnaire. Mechanical hyperalgesia (signs): Presence of at least one abnormal parameter in PPT, MPS or MPT upon QST. Vascular abnormalities: Change of skin color and/ or skin temperature differences of tested limb and contralateral side. Change of skin color is a livide or red coloration of the skin compared to the contralateral limb. Warm/ less warm limb (signs): skin temperature difference ≥1°C compared to the contralateral limb. Range of motion was found by determining the distance of fingertips to palm and defined as affected at a distance > 0 cm.
a: Symptoms/signs were not included for evaluation of Budapest criteria.
* n was 18 for measurement of skin temperature upon visit 1.