Table 3.

Hazard ratios for incident first cardiovascular disease by quartiles of cadmium concentration in blood (time scale = age) in never-smokers.

Outcome	Quartiles of blood cadmium
	1	2	3	4
Acute coronary eventa
Sample size (n = 1,782)	702	578	441	61
No. of events (n = 111)	47	31	26	7
HR (95% CI)	1.0	0.9 (0.6, 1.5)	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	2.3 (1.0, 5.1)
Acute myocardial infarction
Sample size (n = 1,782)	702	578	441	61
No. of events (n = 106)	44	31	24	7
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.0 (0.6, 1.5)	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	2.4 (1.1, 5.4)
Major adverse cardiac eventb
Sample size (n = 1,777)	700	576	440	61
No. of events (n= 136)	57	39	32	8
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.0 (0.7, 1.5)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)	2.2 (1.0, 4.6)
Any stroke
Sample size (n = 1,785)	703	579	442	61
No. of events (n = 111)	41	32	31	7
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.0 (0.6, 1.6)	1.2 (0.7, 2.0)	2.2 (1.0, 4.8)
Ischemic stroke
Sample size (n = 1,789)	704	581	443	61
No. of events (n = 85)	32	25	22	6
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.0 (0.6, 1.7)	1.1 (0.6, 2.0)	2.5 (1.0, 6.0)
All-cause mortality
Sample size (n = 1,793)	705	582	445	61
No. of events (n = 238)	93	75	59	11
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.0 (0.7, 1.3)	1.0 (0.7, 1.3)	1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
Cardiovascular mortality
Sample size (n= 1,793)	705	582	445	61
No. of events (n = 69)	22	26	16	5
HR (95% CI)	1.0	1.4 (0.8, 2.6)	1.1 (0.6, 2.2)	2.6 (1.0, 6.9)
Model 2 is adjusted for the potential confounders in Table 1: sex, smoking, waist circumference, low education, low physical activity, alcohol intake, serum triglycerides, HbA1c, and CRP. Quartile limits are as in Table 1. aICD-9 codes: 410, 412, or 414 or ICD-10: I21, I22, I23, or I25. bAcute MI, death in IHD, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Some individuals with CABG or PCI also developed AMI or died in IHD.