Table 1. Retention time (tR), retention factor (k), separation factor (α), peak purity (pp) and contents of various carotenoids in carotenoid fraction isolated from R. nasutus extract along with their absorption and mass spectra data for identification.
Peak No. | Carotenoid | tR (min) | k | α | pp (%) | Absorption data (nm) |
Mass data (m/z)i |
Content (μ g/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Online λmaxf | Reported λmaxh | Online [M + H]+ | Reported [M + H]+h | |||||||||||
1 | all-trans-neoxanthina | 8.25 | 1.16 | 2.27 (1, 2)e | 98.8 | 418 | 440 | 468 | 418 | 440 | 468 | 601 | 601 | 1.03 ± 0.01 |
2 | all-trans-violaxanthina | 13.88 | 2.63 | 1.54 (2, 3)e | 96.4 | 416 | 440 | 468 | 416 | 440 | 468 | 601 | 601 | 8.26 ± 0.74 |
3 | 13- or 13′ -cis-luteinb | 19.35 | 4.07 | 1.09 (3, 4)e | 95.6 | 416 | 440 | 464 | 416 | 438 | 464 | 569 | 569 | 5.59 ± 0.88 |
4 | 13- or 13′ -cis-luteinb | 20.73 | 4.43 | 1.14 (4, 5)e | 91.5 | 414 | 438 | 466 | 414 | 438 | 466 | 569 | 569 | 3.35 ± 0.78 |
5 | all-trans-luteinc | 23.07 | 5.04 | 1.50 (5,IS)e | 99.3 | 424 | 446 | 474 | 422 | 446 | 474 | 569 | 569 | 50.3 ± 2.69 |
6 | β -apo-8′ -carotenal (IS)d | 32.74 | 7.57 | 1.40 (IS, 7)e | 99.4 | –g | 464 | –g | –g | 464 | –g | 417 | 417 | –g |
7 | all-trans-β -cryptoxanthinc | 44.24 | 10.58 | 1.04 (7, 8)e | 97.2 | 428 | 456 | 480 | 428 | 456 | 480 | 553 | 553 | 1.99 ± 0.91 |
8 | 13- or 13′ -cis-α -caroteneb | 45.77 | 10.98 | 1.03 (8, 9)e | 97.7 | 334 | 442 | 468 | 334 | 442 | 468 | 537 | 537 | 2.95 ± 0.32 |
9 | 13- or 13′ -cis-α -caroteneb | 46.96 | 11.29 | 1.03 (9, 10)e | 94.2 | 334 | 442 | 468 | 334 | 442 | 468 | 537 | 537 | 2.44 ± 0.06 |
10 | 15- or 15′ -cis-β -caroteneb | 48.31 | 11.65 | 1.04 (10, 11)e | 98.6 | 340 | 454 | 478 | 340 | 452 | 478 | 537 | 537 | 2.70 ± 0.15 |
11 | 13- or 13′ -cis-β -caroteneb | 49.88 | 12.06 | 1.05 (11, 12)e | 99.6 | 342 | 448 | 474 | 342 | 448 | 474 | 537 | 537 | 12.8 ± 0.92 |
12 | all-trans-α -carotenec | 52.17 | 12.66 | 1.12 (12, 13)e | 99.7 | 424 | 448 | 476 | 424 | 450 | 476 | 537 | 537 | 49.2 ± 2.69 |
13 | all-trans-β -carotenec | 57.82 | 14.14 | 1.04 (13, 14)e | 99.9 | 428 | 454 | 482 | 428 | 456 | 482 | 537 | 537 | 144 ± 7.78 |
14 | 9- or 9′ -cis-β -caroteneb | 60.07 | 14.73 | 1.04 (13, 14)e | 99.6 | 346 | 450 | 474 | 340 | 450 | 476 | 537 | 537 | 19.6 ± 1.34 |
aIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of samples isolated from spinach by thin-layer chromatography.
bIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of HPLC chromatogram obtained for photoisomerized all-trans standards as shown in Fig. 2.
cIdentification based on absorption and mass spectra of commercially obtained reference standards.
dInternal standard.
eNumbers in parentheses represent values between two neighboring peaks.
fA gradient mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-water (82:14:4, v/v/v) and methylene chloride (from 95:5, v/v to 69:31, v/v) was used.
gData not available.
hBased on a gradient mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-water (82:14:4, v/v/v) and methylene chloride (from 100:0, v/v to 55:45, v/v) used by Kao et al.18
im/z is mass-to-charge ratio.