Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters* of carotenoids and lutein in rat serum after oral administration of carotenoid microemulsion and dispersion at 2 and 20 mg/kg bw, respectively.
Parameters | Oral administration |
Intravenous injection of microemulsion | |
---|---|---|---|
Dispersion in oil | Microemulsion | ||
Carotenoids | |||
Tmax (min)b | 240 | 480 | – |
Cmax (ng/mL)c | 0.50 ± 0.20 | 2.20 ± 1.20a | 310.13 ± 30.14 |
t1/2 (min)d | 1167.83 ± 699.74 | 1520.75 ± 731.25 | 215.17 ± 90.19 |
AUC (min μ g/mL)e | 0.46 ± 0.29 | 1.83 ± 1.02a | 40.80 ± 6.55 |
Oral bioavailability (%) | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.25a | – |
Lutein | |||
Tmax (min)b | 240 | 480 | – |
Cmax (ng/mL)c | 0.50 ± 0.20 | 2.20 ± 1.20a | 99.87 ± 11.45 |
t1/2 (min)d | 1167.83 ± 699.74 | 1520.75 ± 731.25 | 15.73 ± 2.79 |
AUC (min μ g/mL)e | 0.46 ± 0.29 | 1.83 ± 1.02a | 2.95 ± 0.37 |
Oral bioavailability (%) | 1.57 ± 1.00 | 6.25 ± 3.50a | – |
*Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 for each group).
aSignificantly different (p < 0.05) data when compared with dispersion group as determined by Student’s t-test.
bTime to reach Cmax.
cMaximum serum concentration.
dTime to reach half concentration.
eArea under the concentration-time curve.