Table 1. Summary of the interactions identified and validated for all viral proteins analysed.
| Virus type/gene | Hit identification/technology | Hit validation/technology | Functional effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| HAdV-A18/CR1α | SLAMF5/PM, SLAMF6/PM, SLAMF7/PM, IL-22/PM | SLAMF5/SPR, FC; SLAMF6/SPR, FC; SLAMF7/SPR, FC; IL-22/SPR | Increases SLAMF5 phosphorylation and inhibits T-cell activation in a SLAMF5-dependent manner |
| HAdV-B55/CR1α | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-D28/CR1α | LILRB2/FC | LILRB2/SPR | — |
| HAdV-E4/CR1α | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-F41/CR1α | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-G52/CR1α | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-A18/CR1β | SLAMF4/FC | SLAMF4/SPR | — |
| HAdV-B55/CR1β | SLAMF6/PM | SLAMF6/SPR, FC | Increases SLAMF6 phosphorylation and inhibits T-cell activation |
| HAdV-E4/CR1β | LILRB1/FC | LILRB1/SPR | Increases LILRB1 phosphorylation and inhibits NK cytotoxicity |
| HAdV-F41/CR1β | SLAMF4/PM; TIM3/PM; LAIR-1/PM; LILRB2/FC | SLAMF4/SPR, FC; TIM3/SPR; LAIR-1/SPR; LILRB2/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-G52/CR1β | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-B1/CR1γ | SLAMF1/SPR; SLAMF3/SPR; SLAMF4/SPR; SLAMF7/SPR; SLAMF8/SPR | — | — |
| HAdV-D30/CR1γ | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-E4/CR1δ | NH | — | — |
| HAdV-D9/CR1β | CD45/PM | CD45/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D19a/CR1β | CD45/PM; ISLR2/PM | CD45/SPR, FC; ISLR2/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D23/CR1β | CD45/PM | CD45/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D24/CR1β | CD45/PM; LILRB2/FC | CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB2/SPR | — |
| HAdV-D28/CR1β | CD45/PM; PUNC/PM; CST3/PM; NELL2/PM; LILRB1/FC | CD45/SPR, FC; PUNC/SPR, FC; CST3/SPR; NELL2/SPR; LILRB1/SPR | — |
| HAdV-D30/CR1β | CD45/PM; SLAMF3/PM; MPZL1/PM; IL-11/PM; DEFA3/PM; LILRB1/FC | CD45/SPR, FC; SLAMF3/SPR, FC; MPZL1/SPR, FC; IL-11/SPR; DEFA3/SPR; LILRB1/SPR | Increases SLAMF3 phosphorylation. Impairs SLAMF3-mediated cell adhesion. Increases MPZL1 activation and inhibits cell adhesion. Inhibits T-cell activation |
| HAdV-D37/CR1β | CD45/PM; ISLR2/PM; LILRB2/FC | CD45/SPR, FC; ISLR2/SPR, FC; LILRB2/SPR | — |
| HAdV-D39/CR1β | CD45/PM, LILRB1/PM | CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB1/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D43/CR1β | CD45/PM; EPHA3/PM; EPHA6/PM; LILRB1/FC | CD45/SPR, FC; EPHA3/SPR, IF; EPHA6/SPR; LILRB1/SPR | Modulates EPHA3/ephrin-A5 effect on cell adhesion |
| HAdV-D47/CR1β | CD45/PM; CD300A/PM; CD300C/PM | CD45/SPR, FC; CD300A/SPR, FC; CD300C/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D51/CR1β | CD45/PM, LILRB1/PM | CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB1/SPR, FC | — |
| HAdV-D53/CR1β | CD45/PM | CD45/SPR, FC | Inhibits NK cytotoxicity and T-cell activation |
| HAdV-D58/CR1β | CD45/PM | CD45/SPR, FC | — |
FC, flow cytometry; HAdV, Human adenovirus; IF, immunofluorescence; NH, no hits identified; PM, protein microarray; SPR, surface plasmon resonance.A total of 27 HAdV E3 proteins encoded by six viral species were included in this study. 51 novel host interacting partners were identified for 20 HAdV proteins corresponding to five viral species. The technology utilized for hit identification and further experimental validation are indicated. The functional effect observed for the viral proteins studied is also summarized.