Table 3. Selected examples of translationally controlled yeast mRNAs.
| mRNA | Mechanism of control | References |
|---|---|---|
| Initiation control | ||
| ASH1 | RNA structure elements in 3′ UTR and coding region repress translation of unlocalized mRNA | Chartrand et al. 2002; Irie et al. 2002; Olivier et al. 2005; Paquin et al. 2007; Deng et al. 2008 |
| BOI1, FLO8, GIC1, MSN1, NCE102, PAB1, TIF4632, YMR181c | eIF4G dependent, cap-independent element in 5′ UTR directs translation | Gilbert et al. 2007 |
| CLN3 | Contains uORF, expression affected by eIF4E activity | Polymenis and Schmidt 1997 |
| ENO1, FBA1, TPI1 | Translation induced by amino acid starvation, 5′ UTR dependent, A-rich region implicated for ENO1, TPI1 | Rachfall et al. 2011 |
| ERS1, STE12 | Caf20 dependent translational repression | Castelli et al. 2015; Park et al. 2006b |
| FOL1, MKK1, RPC11, TPK1, WSC3 | uORF represses translation | Zhang and Dietrich 2005 |
| GCN4 | Four uORFs regulate translation in response to amino acid levels via eIF2 phosphorylation | Hinnebusch 2005 |
| GRS1, ALA1 | Non-AUG initiation produces mitochondrial tRNA synthetase, leaky scanning to downstream in-frame AUG produces cytoplasmic enzyme | Chang and Wang 2004; Tang et al. 2004; Chen et al. 2008 |
| HAC1 | Long-range base pairing between intron and 5′ UTR sequences represses translation | Ruegsegger et al. 2001; Sathe et al. 2015 |
| INO2 | uORF represses protein expression in presence of inositol and choline | Eiznhamer et al. 2001 |
| MOD5 | Leaky scanning of first AUG directs tRNA modifying enzyme Mod5 to cytoplasm instead of mitochondria | Slusher et al. 1991 |
| POM34 | Translationally repressed by a complex involving Eap1, Asc1, Scp160, and Smy2 | Sezen et al. 2009 |
| SUI1 | Poor start codon context enables autoregulation of eIF1 levels | Martin-Marcos et al. 2011 |
| URE2 | 5′ cap-independent translation | Komar et al. 2003; Reineke and Merrick 2009 |
| YAP1 | uORF represses translation via a leaky scanning mechanism | Vilela et al. 1998; Zhou et al. 2001 |
| Elongation control | ||
| CPA1 | uORF stalls ribosomes and induces mRNA decay; regulated by arginine levels | Gaba et al. 2001; Gaba et al. 2005 |
| OAZ1 | Polyamine-regulated ribosome +1 frameshifting | Kurian et al. 2011 |
| TYA-TYB | Ribosome +1 frameshifting to produce Gag–Pol fusion protein | Belcourt and Farabaugh 1990; Farabaugh et al. 1993; Harger et al. 2001 |
| L-A | Ribosome −1 frameshifting to produce Gag–Pol fusion protein | Dinman et al. 1991 |
| EST3, TRM140 | Ribosome +1 frameshifting | Morris and Lundblad 1997; Asakura et al. 1998; Taliaferro and Farabaugh 2007; D’Silva et al. 2011; Noma et al. 2011 |
| EST1, EST2, STN1, CDC13 | Ribosome −1 frameshifting | Advani et al. 2013 |
| Termination control | ||
| BSC1–BSC6, IMP3, ZDS1, PDE2 | 3–25% read through of stop codon to create an extended protein | Namy et al. 2001; Namy et al. 2002; Namy et al. 2003; Beznoskova et al. 2015 |
Genes are grouped by publication/similar mechanism. Many examples given rely on a single publication and detailed mechanisms remain unknown.