Table 1.
Trial Summary Table by Study Type (n=36)
| Author, Year | Study Design | Country | Duration | Exclusion | Patient Population | Patients (n) | Age (mean) yrs | Illness Severity Score | Early RRT Criteria | Late RRT Criteria | Study Quality | Primary Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Early RRT | Late RRT | ||||||||||||
| Randomized Trials | ||||||||||||||
| Bouman, 2002 [12] | RCT, two-center study | Netherlands | May 1998 - Mar 2000 | Pre-existing renal disease | Multisystem | 106 | 70 | 36 | EHV: 68; ELV: 70; LLV: 67 | EHV: SOFA 10.3 - APACHE2=23.5, ELV: SOFA 10.1 - APACHE2=21.7; LLV: SOFA 10.6 - APACHE2=23.6 | TIME: Early < 12 h (200ml); Early Low Vol < 12 h (100-150ml) | TIME: Late > 12h | HIGH | 28 d mortality: EHV: 9/35(26%) died, ELV: 11/35(31%) died, LLV: 9/36(25%) died; p=0.8 |
| Durmaz, 2003 [13] | RCT | Turkey | Sept 1999 - Aug 2001 | Age<18, chronic dialysis | Post Cardiac Surgery | 44 | 21 | 23 | Early 58; Late 54 | NR | BIOCHEM: Cr rise >10% from pre-op level within 48hrs of surgery | Cr rise >50% from pre-op level; or Urine output <400ml/24hrs with coexistent K+/H+ unresponsive to med mgmt | LOW | Hospital mortality: Early 1/21 (4.8%) died, Late 7/23 (30.4%) died p=0.048; Favors Early |
| Sugahara, 2004 [14] | RCT | Japan | Jan 1995 - Dec 1997 | Pregnancy, Bili > 5mg/dL, Mental disorder, Cancer, Early recovery of urine output >30ml/kg/hr prior to RRT | Post Cardiac Surgery | 28 | 14 | 14 | Early: 65; Late: 64 | Early: APACHE2=19; Late: APACHE2=18 | BIOCHEM: UOP <30ml/hr × 3hrs OR UOP <750ml/day; Mean time to RRT start 18d±0.9 post op | UOP<20ml/hr × 2hrs+ OR UOP <500ml/day; Mean time to RRT start 1.7d±0.8 post op | HIGH | 14 d mortality: Early 2/14 died (14%), Late 12/14 died (86%); p<0.01 Favors Early |
| Payen, 2009 [7] | RCT, multicenter | France | Jan 1997 - Jan 2000 | Age<18, chronic dialysis, pregnant, moribund state, prior immunosuppressive therapy | Multisystem | 76 | 37 | 39 | Early 58 Late 59 | Early: SOFA 11.6- SAPS2 54.3; Late: SOFA 10.4- SAPS2 52.4 | TIME: Protocolized RRT × 96hrs w/ diagnosis of ‘sepsis’. Mean time to initiation of RRT not specified | Control = No RRT unless metabolic renal failure & classic indications for RRT present | HIGH | Early 20/37 (54%) died, Late 17/37 (44%) died; p = 0.49 |
| Jamale, 2013 [15] | RCT, single center | India | April 2010 - July 2012 | Required urgent dialysis at time of randomization | Multisystem | 208 | 102 | 106 | Early 43 Late 42 | Early: SOFA 7.3; Late: SOFA 8.2 | BIOCHEM: Cr > 618μmol/L | Classic indications for RRT, Symptomatic uremia unresponsive to med mgmt | HIGH | Mortality: Early 21/102 (20.5%) died, Late 13/106 (12%); p=0.2 |
| Combes, 2015 [16] | RCT, multicenter | USA | 2009-2012 | <18, Pregnant, Chronic RRT, Weight >120kg, SAPS II>90 (i.e. moribund) | Post Cardiac Surgery | 224 | 112 | 112 | Early 61 Late 58 | Early: SOFA 11.5- SAPS2=54; Late: SOFA 12.0- SAPS2=55.1 | TIME: RRT initiated <24hrs and continued for min of 48hrs; Mean time to randomization 12hrs | Classic indications for RRT, Lifethreatening metabolic derangements unresponsive to med mgmt | HIGH | Mortality: Early 40/112 (36%) died, Late 40/112 (36%) died; p = 1.0 |
| Wald, 2015 [17] | RCT, multicenter | Canada | May 2012 - Nov 2013 | Intoxication requiring RRT, Limited resuscitation directives, RRT within the previous 2 months, RPGN, Obstructive uropathy, > 48hrs to doubling time of Cr | Multisystem | 100 | 48 | 52 | Early 62 Late 64 | Early: SOFA 13.3 Late: SOFA 12.8 | TIME: Time from randomization < 12h; Mean time to RRT = 9.7hrs | Intensivist judgement regarding hyperkalemia, volume overload, acidemia refractory to medical therapy, Uremic symptoms Mean time to RRT=32hrs | HIGH | Mortality: Early 16/48 (33%) died, Late 19/52 died; p = 0.74 |
| RCT Totals | 786 | 404 | 382 | Pooled mortality: Early 120/404 (29.7%), Late 117/382 (30.6%); n=7 | ||||||||||
| Prospective Trials | ||||||||||||||
| Liu, 2006 [18] | Prospective Observational Multicentre | Multi countries | Feb 1999 - Aug 2001 | GFR<30ml/min/1.73m2 | Multisystem | 243 | 122 | 121 | Early 54 Late 58 | NR | Azotemia defined by BUN<76mg/dL | Azotemia defined by BUN>76mg/dL | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early 43/122(35%) died vs Late 50/121(41%) P=0.09 Favors Early |
| Iyem, 2009 [19] | Prospective Observational cohort | Turkey | May 2004 - April 2007 | Preexisting renal disease and pre operative high levels of urea and creatinine | Post cardiac surgery | 185 | 95 | 90 | Early: 64; Late: 62 | NR | TIME: Evidence of 50% increase in BUN, low urine output (<0.5mL/kg/h) triggering RRT started < 48hrs | TIME > 48hrs to start of RRT for similar markers of renal failure managed medically for minimum 48hrs | LOW NOQA=7 | In hosp mortality: Early 5/95(5%) died, Late 6/90(7%) died; NS |
| Bagshaw, 2009 [20] | Prospective Observational Multicentre (BEST Kidney) | 23 countries | Sept 2000 - Dec 2001 | Pre existing chronic RRT, drug toxicity, age <12 | Multisystem | 1227 | 959 | 268 | Early: 60, Delayed: 63, Late: 64; p=0.003 | Early: SOFA 10.9- SAPS2=53.5 Delayed: SOFA 11.1- SAPS2=46 Late: SOFA 10.7- SAPS2=43.1; p=0.04 | TIME: Early RRT started for azotemia (Urea>30mmol/L or low urine output × 12h) <2d (n=785), Delayed RRT started 2-5d (n=174) from ICU admission | RRT started >5d from ICU admission | LOW NOQA=7 | Hosp mortality: Early 462/785(59%) died, Delayed 108/174(62%) died, Late 195/268(72%) died; P<0.0011 Favors Early |
| Shiao, 2009 [21] | Prospective Observational Multicentre | Taiwan | Jan 2002 - Dec2005 | Prior dialysis, without surgery, or surgery did not involve abdominal cavity. History of renal trasplant | Major abdominal surgery | 98 | 51 | 47 | Early: 65; Late: 68 | Early: SOFA 8.3- APACHE2=18.2; Late: SOFA 8.5- APACHE2=18.8 | BIOCHEM: RIFLE criteria: RISK or pre-RISK criteria (Mean Time to RRT from ICU Admit = 7.3d) | RIFLE criteria: INJURY or FAILURE criteria (Mean Time to RRT from ICU Admit=8.4d) | HIGH NOQA=7 | Hosp mortality: Early 22/51(43%), Late35/47(75%); p=0.0028 Favors Early |
| Sabater, 2009 [22] | Prospective Observational | Spain | 2 years | NR | Multisystem | 148 | 44 | 104 | All patients mean = 60; NR | Early: APACHE2=26; Late: APACHE2=24 | BIOCHEM: RRT initiated for RIFLE: RISK & INJURY; (Mean RRT start 2.2d post ICU admit) | RRT initiated for RIFLE: FAILURE; (Mean RRT start 6.4d post ICU admit) | LOW NOQA=7 | Mortality: Early 21/44 died, Late 68/104 died. P=0.047 Favors Early |
| Elseviers, 2010 [23] | Prospective Observational Multicentre | Belgium | 2001-2005 | Pre existing renal disease (Cr<1.5mg/dl), reduced kidney size on ultrasound | Multisystem | 1303 | 653 | 650 | Early 64; Late 67 | Early: SOFA 9.9- APACHE2=25.2; Late: SOFA 8.5- APACHE2=5.2, p=0.001 | BIOCHEM: Unspecified SHARF scoring criteria w/serum Cr > 2mg/dL | Conservative approach = No RRT | LOW NOQA=5 | Mortality: Early 379/653 (58%) died, Late 280/650 (43%) died; p<0.001 Favors Late |
| Vaara, 2012 [24] | Prospective Observational Multicentre (FINNAKI Study) | Finland | Sep 2011 - Feb 2012 | NR | Sepsis, Cardiogenic Shock | 261 | NR | NR | NR | Survivors: SAPS2=47; Non-survivors: SAPS2=66 | TIME: Time<24hrs from ICU admit | Time> 24hrs from ICU admit | LOW NOQA=5 | OR for late 2.69 (1.07-6.73, p=0.035). Favors Early |
| Perez, 2012 [25] | Prospective Observational | Spain | NR | Sepsis | 244 | 135 | 109 | Early 62; Late 62 | Early: SOFA 12; Late: SOFA 11 | TIME: Time from ICU admission to RRT < 48h | TIME >48hrs | LOW NOQA=5 | 90 d mortality: Early 71/135(53%) died, Late 78/109(72%) died; p=0.003. Favors Early | |
| Lim, 2014 [27] | Single Centre Prospective Cohort | Singapore | Dec 2010 - April 2013 | Chronic dialysis patients, Dialysis initiated prior to ICU admission | Medical & Surgical patients | 140 | 84 | 56 | Early 60; Late 64 | Early: SOFA 7; Late: SOFA 11; p=0.001 | BIOCHEM: AKIN stage 1 or 2 AND compelling indication or AKIN stage 3 (Cr≥354μmol/l or Cr>300% baseline w/urine <0.3cc/kg/h for 24h or anuria >12h) | Traditional indications: K>6mmol/L, Urea ≥30mmol/L, pH<7.25, Bicarb <10mmol/L, Pulm edema, Uremic encephalopathy/pericarditis | LOW NOQA=6 | Hosp mortality: Early 36/84(43%) died, Late 37/56(66%) died; p=0.007 Favors Early |
| Jun, 2014 [26] | Nested Observational, Multi-Centre Study ‘RENAL’ Study Group | NZ, Australia | Dec 2005 - Nov 2008 | Age<18, Prior RRTduring admission, Prior RRT for CKD | Sepsis | 439 | 219 | 220 | Early 65; Late 64 | Early: SOFA: 2.0- APACHE3=107, Late: SOFA 2.1- APACHE3=100, P<0.001 | TIME: AKI diagnosis to randomization < 17.6 hrs | Time from AKI diagnosis to randomization >17.6hrs | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early 82/219(37%) died; Late 84/220(38%) died (p=0.923) NS |
| PROSPECTIVE TOTALS | 4288 | 2362 | 1665 | Pooled mortality: Early 1229/2362 (52%), Late 833/1665 (50%); n=10 | ||||||||||
| Retrospective Trials | ||||||||||||||
| Gettings, 1999 [28] | Retrospective cohort | USA | 1989 - 1997 | CRRT duration <48hrs, Pediatric patients, Incomplete records | Trauma | 100 | 41 | 59 | Early 40; Late 48 | Early ISS = 33.0; Late ISS = 37.2 | BIOCHEM: BUN < 60mg/dL AND Oliguria, Vol overload, Electrolytes, Uremia; Mean RRT start post admission day 10; p<0.0001 | BUN > 60 mg/dL AND Oliguria, Vol overload, Electrolytes, Uremia; Mean RRT start post admission day 19 | LOW NOQA=5 | Hosp mortality: Early 25/41(61%) died, Late 47/59(80%) died; p=0.041 Favors Early |
| Elahi, 2004 [29] | Retrospective cohort | UK | Jan 2002 - Jan 2003 | Preexisting renal disease | Post cardiac surgery | 64 | 36 | 28 | Early 69; Late 68 | NR | BIOCHEM: Low urine output = less than 100 ml within 8h after surgery;Mean RRT start 0.78 days | Traditional indications: Urea ≥30mmol/L, Cr Elahi, 2004 [29] ≥250mmol/L, K > 6.0mEq/L; Mean RRT start 2.5 days | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early-8/36 died (22%), Late-12/28 (43%); p<0.05 Favors Early |
| Demirkilic, 2004 [30] | Retrospective cohort | Turkey | Mar 1992 - Sep 2001 | NR | Post Cardiac Surgery | 61 | 34 | 27 | NR p=0.3 | NR | BIOCHEM: Low urine output = less than 100ml within 8hrs post op; Mean RRT start 0.88 days | Cr≥5mg/dL, or K>5.5 mEq/L w/med mgmt; Mar 92-Jun 96; Mean RRT start 2.56 days | LOW NOQA=6 | Hosp mortality: Early 8/34(23%), Late 15/27(56%); P=0.016 Favors Early |
| Wu, 2007 [32] | Retrospective cohort | Taiwan | July 2002- Jan2005 | Hepatorenal syndrome from cirrhosis, liver trasplant, cardiopolmunary resuccitation | Acute liver failure | 80 | 54 | 26 | Early 55; Late 63; p=0.03 | Early: SOFA 12.4- APACHE2=18.2; Late: SOFA 13.2- APACHE2=20.5 | BIOCHEM: BUN < 80 mg/dL AND traditional indications present | Traditional indications present with BUN > 80mg/dL | LOW NOQA=6 | 30 d mortality: Early 34/54(63%) died vs Late 22/26(85%) died; P=0.04 Favors Early |
| Andrade, 2007 [31] | Retrospective cohort | Brazil | 2002-2005 | Patients who did not have both AKI and respiratory failure believed secondary to leptospirosis | Leptospirosis | 33 | 18 | 15 | Early 42; Late 44 | Early: APACHE2=24.5; Late: APACHE2=26 | TIME: Mean time to RRT = 265 min | Mean time to RRT = 1638 min | LOW NOQA=5 | Hosp mortality: Early 3/18(17%) died, Late 10/15(67%) died; P=0.01 Favors Early |
| Manche, 2008 [33] | Retrospective cohort | Malta | 1995-2006 | NR | Post Cardiac Surgery | 71 | 56 | 15 | Early 66; Late 63 | NR | BIOCHEM: Urine output<0.5ml/kg/hr unresponsive to med mgmt; Mean RRT start 8.6hrs post-op | Oliguria (output < 0.5ml/Kg/hr) refractory to med mgmt; Mean RRT start 41.2hrs post-op | LOW NOQA=6 | Mortality: Early 14/56(25%) died, Late 13/15(87%) died; P=0.0000125 Favors Early |
| Lundy, 2009 [34] | Retrospective cohort | US | Nov 2005 - Aug 2007 | Preexisting renal disease, burn size of less than 40% Non-thermal injury, lithium toxicity | Severe Burned patients | 57 | 29 | 28 | Early 27; Late 38 P=0.06 | Early: SOFA 13- APACHE2=35; Late: SOFA 13- APACHE2=36 | BIOCHEM: AKIN stage 2(+shock)/3; Mean time from admit to RRT = 17 days | Mean time from admit to AKIN stage 2(+shock)/3 but not dialyzed = 23 days | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early 9/29(31%) died, Late 24/28(85%) died; P<0.002; Favors Early |
| Carl, 2010 [35] | Retrospective cohort | US | 2000-2004 | Baseline eGF0R <30ml/min, Age <18 & prisoners | Sepsis | 147 | 85 | 62 | Early 52; Late 56 | Early: APACHE2=24.8; Late: APACHE2=24.7 | BIOCHEM: BUN <100mg/dL + AKIN stage >2; Mean ICU stay prior to RRT =6.3days | BUN > 100mg/dL + AKIN stage >2; Mean ICU stay prior to RRT=12.3days | HIGH NOQA=7 | 28 d mortality: Early 44/85(52%) died, Late 42/62(68%); P<0.05 Favors Early |
| Chou, 2011 [37] | Retrospective cohort ‘NSARF’ database | Taiwan | Jan 2002 - Oct 2009 | Age< 18, ICU stay <2days, RRT < 2days | Sepsis + AKI | 370 | 192 | 178 | Early 64; Late 66 | Early: SOFA 10.8- APACHE2=12.3; Late: SOFA 11.6- APACHE2=14.0 | BIOCHEM: RIFLE criteria: RISK or pre-RISK criteria | RIFLE criteria: INJURY or FAILURE criteria | LOW NOQA=6 | Hosp mortality: Early 135/192(71%) died, Late 124/178 (70%) died (P=0.98) |
| Vats, 2011 [38] | Retrospective cohort | USA | Jan1999 - Feb 2006 | Renal transplant, Pre-morbid ESRD on dialysis, RRT<24h, insufficient data | Multisystem | 230 | NR | NR | All patients mean = 66 NR | NR | TIME: Time from AKI to RRT < 6 days | Time from AKI to RRT≥6d | LOW NOQA=5 | OR for Late Mortality (>6d) 11.66 (1.26-107.9) P=0.0305, Favors Early |
| Ji, 2011 [36] | Retrospective cohort | China | Ap 2004 - Mar 2009 | Patients readmitted post discharge, Discharged against medical advice, Death <24hrs | Post cardiac surgery | 58 | 34 | 24 | Early 64; Late 62 | Early: APACHE3=69.3; Late: APACHE3=88.2 p<0.001 | TIME: Time from urine output <0.5ml/kg/h to RRT<12h; Mean oliguria to start of RRT 8.4hrs | Urine output <0.5ml/kg/h & Time to RRT>12h post oliguria; Mean oliguria to start of RRT 21.5hrs | LOW NOQA=6 | Hosp mortality: Early 3/34 (9%) died, Late 9/24 (37%); p=0.02 Favors Early |
| Shiao, 2012 [41] | Retrospective cohort ‘NSARF’ database | Taiwan | Jan 2002 - Apr 2009 | Dialysis before surgery, ESRD | Surgical | 648 | 436 | 212 | Early 62; Late 66; P=0.009 | Early: SOFA 11.4- APACHE2=12.7; Late: SOFA 11.3- APACHE2=12.8 | TIME: Time to development of tradtional RRT indications < 3d; Mean time to start of RRT 1.4days | Traditional RRT indications AND start of RRT > 3 days; Mean time to start of RRT 18days | LOW NOQA=6 | Hosp mortality: Early 236/436 (54%) died, Late 143/212 (67%) died; P=0.001 Favors Early |
| Chon, 2012 [40] | Retrospective cohort | South Korea | Apr 2009 - Oct 2010 | Liver cirrhosis, Pre existing chronic | Sepsis | 55 | 36 | 19 | Early 63; Late 62 | Early: SOFA 13.5- APACHE2= 28.7; Late: SOFA 12- APACHE2=28.3 | TIME: Time to RIFLE ‘Injury’/‘Failure’ < 24hrs; Mean time to RRT=12.5hrs | Time to RIFLE ‘Injury’/‘Failure’ > 24hrs; Mean time to RRT= 42.2hrs | HIGH NOQA=7 | 28 d mortality: Early 7/36(38%), Late 9/19(47%); P=0.03 Favors Early |
| Boussekey, 2012 [39] | Retrospective cohort | France | Jan 2008 - Dec 2010 | Early trasfer to another unit | Multisystem | 110 | 67 | 43 | Early 62; Late 66 | Early: SOFA: 11.1- SAPS2=70; Late: SOFA 8.8- SAPS2=57; p=0.002 | TIME: Time from RIFLE- ‘Injury’ to RRT < 16hrs; Mean time to RRT=6hrs | Time from RIFLE-‘Injury’ to RRT > 16hrs; Mean time to RRT=64hrs | LOW NOQA=7 | 28 d mortality: Early-28/67 (41%), Late- 28/43 (65%); P = 0.0425 Favors Early |
| Suzuki, 2013 [43] | Retrospective cohort | Japan | Jan 2009 - Feb 2013 | <18, RRT for ESRD | Sepsis, Cardiogenic Shock | 189 | 52 | 137 | All patients mean = 72 NR | All patients SAPS II Mean= 57 | BIOCHEM: RIFLE ‘Risk’ | RIFLE ‘Injury’ or ‘Failure’ | LOW NOQA=6 | Early: OR 0.361 (95 % CI 0.17–0.78); P = 0.009, Favors Early |
| Shum, 2013 [43] | Retrospective cohort | China | Jan 2008 - Jun 2011 | Age<18, Chronic dialysis, RRT prior to ICU | Sepsis | 120 | 31 | 89 | qEarly 74; Late 73 | Early: SOFA 12- APACHE4=119; Late: SOFA 13- APACHE4=133; P=0.011 | BIOCHEM: sRIFLE-‘pre- Risk’ or ‘Risk’ criteria; Mean time from ICU admit to RRT =20.7hrs, P=0.056 | sRIFLE ‘Injury’ or ‘Failure’ criteria; Mean time from ICU admit to RRT=10.8hrs | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early-15/31 died (48.4%), Late- 43/89 died (48.3%); P=0.994 |
| Tian, 2014 [46] | Retrospective cohort | China | Nov 2009 - Dec 2011 | Age < 12, Chronic renal disease, Terminal illness,0 Pre-admit CRRT, ICU stay < 72hrs | Sepsis - AKIN 1 | 49 | 23 | 26 | Early 48; Control 54 | Early: SOFA 7.6- APACHE2=12.9; Control: SOFA 8.4- APACHE2=15.3 | BIOCHEM: AKIN 1 (Cr≥26.4μmol/L or >150- 200% baseline & urine <0.5cc/kg/h for >6h) | No RRT (Control): Patients refused CRRT for “personal reasons” | LOW NOQA=6 | 28 d mortality: Early 5/23(22%) died, Control 11/26 (42%) died (NS) |
| Sepsis - AKIN 2 | 52 | 31 | 21 | Early 54; Control 61 | Early: SOFA 9.3- APACHE2=19; Control SOFA 9.6- APACHE2=18.3 | AKIN 2 (Cr>200-300% baseline & urine <0.5cc/kg/h for >12h) | No RRT (Control): Patients refused CRRT for “personal reasons” | 28 d mortality: Early 12/31 (39%) died, Control 14/21 (67%) died; P<0.05 Favors Early | ||||||
| Sepsis - AKIN 3 | 59 | 46 | 13 | Early 50; Control 55 | Early SOFA 10- APACHE2=21.8; Control SOFA 11.2- APACHE2=20.5 | AKIN 3 (Cr≥354μmol/L or Cr>300% baseline w/urine <0.3cc/kg/h for 24h or anuria >12h) | No RRT (Control): Patients refused CRRT for “personal reasons” | 28 d mortality: Early 31/46(67%) died, Control 11/13(85%) died; NS | ||||||
| Serpytis, 2014 [45] | Retrospective cohort | Lithuania | 2007-2011 | NR | Sepsis | 85 | 42 | 43 | All patients mean = 72 NR | NR | TIME: Time from anuria to RRT < 12hrs | Time from anuria to RRT > 12hrs | LOW NOQA=5 | Mortality: Early 30/42 (71%) died, Late 39/43(91%) died; p=0.028; Favors Early |
| Gaudry, 2014 [44] | Retrospective cohort | France | Jan 2004 - Nov 2011 | Age<18, limitation in medical therapy, death<24hrs, chronic renal insufficiency, RRT prior to ICU, kidney transplant, lithium toxicity, multiple myeloma | Sepsis | 203 | 91 | 112 | Early 65; Late 65 | Early: SOFA 9- SAPS2=60; Control SOFA 8- SAPS2=55, P<0.01 | BIOCHEM: RRT criteria: Cr≥300μmol/L, Urea>25mmol/L, K>6.5mmol/L, pH<7.2, Oliguria, Vol overload, | No RRT initiated/Criteria not met for RRT | LOW NOQA=5 | Hosp Mortality: Early 44/91(48%) died, Control (No RRT) 29/112 (26%) died; P<0.001 Favors no RRT |
| Retrospective TOTALS | 2841 | 1434 | 1177 | Pooled mortality: Early 714/1434 (50%), Late 732/1177 (62.2%); n=19 | ||||||||||
LEGEND: AKI Acute kidney injury, AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Cr Creatinine, CRF Chronic renal failure, CRRT Chronic renal replacement therapy, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, EHV Early High Volume, ELV Early Low Volume, ESRD End stage renal disease, ICU Intensive Care Unit, LLV Late Low Volume, NOQA Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment, NR Not reported, NSARF National Taiwan University Hospital-Surgical ICU- Acute Renal Failure database, RIFLE Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage, RPGN Rapidly progressive glomerularnephritis, SAPS2 Squential Acute physiology Score, SHARF Stuivenberg Hospital Acute Renal Failure Score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, UOP Urine output