Table 1.
Study Sample Characteristics Among Framingham Heart Study Participants by Internet, Cell Phone, or Smartphone Usage
| Internet (n=5678) | No Internet (n=806) | P Value | Cell Phone (n=5946) | No Cell Phone (n=517) | P Value | Smartphone (n=3907) | No Smartphone (n=1857) | P Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 59.1 (13.0) | 76.5 (10.2) | <0.0001 | 60.0 (13.4) | 75.5 (11.0) | <0.0001 | 55.4 (11.8) | 68.5 (11.9) | <0.0001 |
| Age groups, y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 25 to 34 | 178 (3.1) | — | 178 (3.0) | — | 165 (4.2) | 13 (0.7) | |||
| 35 to 44 | 663 (11.7) | 2 (0.3) | 659 (11.1) | 3 (0.6) | 615 (15.7) | 43 (2.3) | |||
| 45 to 54 | 1378 (24.3) | 31 (3.9) | 1383 (23.3) | 22 (4.3) | 1153 (29.5) | 214 (11.5) | |||
| 55 to 64 | 1495 (26.3) | 80 (9.9) | 1515 (25.5) | 60 (11.6) | 1105 (28.3) | 378 (20.4) | |||
| 65 to 74 | 1321 (23.3) | 199 (24.7) | 1362 (22.9) | 151 (29.2) | 676 (17.3) | 626 (33.7) | |||
| 75 to 84 | 537 (9.5) | 318 (39.5) | 687 (11.6) | 165 (31.9) | 179 (4.6) | 449 (24.2) | |||
| ≥85 | 106 (1.9) | 176 (21.8) | 162 (2.7) | 116 (22.4) | 14 (0.36) | 134 (7.2) | |||
| Women (%) | 3166 (55.8) | 464 (57.6) | 0.44 | 3319 (55.8) | 293 (56.7) | 0.78 | 2156 (55.2) | 1060 (57.1) | 0.12 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.02 | ||||||
| White | 5168 (91.1) | 730 (90.6) | 5401 (90.9) | 479 (92.7) | 3505 (89.8) | 1734 (93.4) | |||
| Black | 142 (2.5) | 19 (2.4) | 148 (2.5) | 12 (2.3) | 105 (2.7) | 35 (1.9) | |||
| Hispanic | 142 (2.5) | 45 (5.6) | 170 (2.9) | 17 (3.3) | 123 (3.2) | 39 (2.1) | |||
| Asian | 128 (2.3) | 8 (1.0) | 132 (2.2) | 4 (0.8) | 96 (2.5) | 33 (1.8) | |||
| Other | 95 (1.7) | 4 (0.5) | 92 (1.6) | 5 (1.0) | 75 (1.9) | 16 (0.9) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 (5.6) | 28.6 (5.6) | 0.88 | 28.1 (5.6) | 28.8 (6.1) | 0.64 | 27.9 (5.5) | 28.5 (5.7) | 0.59 |
| Smoking (%) | 404 (8.2) | 80 (13.0) | <0.0001 | 442 (8.7) | 41 (10.0) | 0.004 | 281 (8.3) | 147 (9.4) | <0.0001 |
| Currently employed (%) | 3320 (70.3) | 132 (23.7) | 0.002 | 3351 (68.5) | 99 (26.7) | 0.0005 | 2630 (81.1) | 657 (43.9) | <0.0001 |
| Education | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Less than high school (%) | 31 (0.6) | 54 (7.9) | 57 (1.1) | 28 (6.3) | 16 (0.45) | 36 (2.2) | |||
| High school (%) | 779 (15.2) | 318 (46.7) | 939 (17.6) | 153 (34.4) | 399 (11.3) | 492 (29.8) | |||
| Some college (%) | 1552 (30.3) | 202 (29.7) | 1606 (30.0) | 137 (30.8) | 1031 (29.1) | 522 (31.6) | |||
| College and higher (%) | 2767 (54.0) | 107 (15.7) | 2746 (51.4) | 127 (28.5) | 2093 (59.1) | 601 (36.4) | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 1746 (35.5) | 451 (73.2) | 0.0009 | 1907 (37.4) | 276 (67.3) | 0.35 | 946 (27.9) | 869 (55.7) | 0.0002 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 2743 (55.9) | 442 (72.9) | 0.002 | 2884 (56.7) | 289 (71.2) | 0.01 | 1726 (51.0) | 1044 (67.3) | 0.15 |
| Diabetes (%) | 726 (15.0) | 181 (30.6) | 0.05 | 784 (15.6) | 121 (30.7) | 0.07 | 421 (12.6) | 326 (21.3) | 0.61 |
| CVD (%) | 443 (7.8) | 213 (26.4) | 0.0002 | 531 (8.9) | 122 (23.6) | 0.26 | 215 (5.5) | 277 (14.9) | 0.16 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 249 (4.4) | 101 (12.6) | 0.79 | 282 (4.8) | 66 (12.8) | 0.79 | 104 (2.7) | 157 (8.5) | 0.07 |
BMI indicates body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
a
P value is adjusted for age and sex.