Table 4.
Study Sample Characteristics Among Framingham Heart Study Omni Participants by Internet, Cell Phone, or Smartphone Usagea
| Internet (n=459) | No Internet (n=73) | P Value | Cell Phone (n=496) | No Cell Phone (n=33) | P Value | Smartphone (n=364) | No Smartphone (n=112) | P Valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.6 (13.2) | 71.7 (8.6) | <0.0001 | 59.6 (13.3) | 71.9 (9.4) | <0.0001 | 56.4 (12.8) | 67.9 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
| Age groups, y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 20 to 34 | 30 (6.5) | — | 30 (6.0) | — | 29 (8.0) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| 35 to 44 | 54 (11.8) | — | 53 (10.7) | — | 51 (14.0) | 2 (1.8) | |||
| 45 to 54 | 79 (17.2) | 2 (2.7) | 80 (16.1) | 1 (3.0) | 68 (18.7) | 10 (8.9) | |||
| 55 to 64 | 139 (30.3) | 11 (15.1) | 144 (29.0) | 6 (18.2) | 115 (31.6) | 24 (21.4) | |||
| 65 to 74 | 116 (25.3) | 35 (47.9) | 135 (27.2) | 14 (42.4) | 85 (23.4) | 43 (38.4) | |||
| 75 to 84 | 33 (7.2) | 18 (24.7) | 44 (8.9) | 8 (24.2) | 15 (4.1) | 25 (22.3) | |||
| ≥85 | 8 (1.7) | 7 (9.6) | 10 (2.0) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (6.3) | |||
| Women (%) | 190 (41.4) | 27 (37.0) | 0.48 | 206 (41.5) | 11 (33.3) | 0.06 | 160 (44.0) | 36 (32.1) | 0.02 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 6 (1.2) | — | 0.98 | 6 (1.2) | — | 0.01 | 5 (1.4) | 1 (0.9) | 0.23 |
| Black | 139 (30.3) | 19 (26.0) | 145 (29.2) | 12 (36.4) | 103 (28.3) | 34 (30.4) | |||
| Hispanic | 142 (30.9) | 45 (61.6) | 170 (34.3) | 17 (51.5) | 123 (33.8) | 39 (34.8) | |||
| Asian | 127 (27.7) | 8 (11.0) | 131 (26.4) | 4 (12.1) | 95 (26.1) | 33 (29.5) | |||
| Others | 45 (9.8) | 1 (1.4) | 44 (8.9) | — | 38 (10.4) | 5 (4.5) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 (5.7) | 28.9 (6.6) | 0.41 | 28.2 (5.8) | 27.6 (6.1) | 0.48 | 28.4 (5.8) | 27.7 (5.5) | 0.17 |
| Smoking (%) | 18 (4.4) | 5 (10.0) | 0.056 | 22 (5.1) | 1 (4.0) | 0.02 | 18 (5.6) | 4 (4.3) | 0.72 |
| Currently employed (%) | 266 (65.0) | 9 (18.0) | 0.03 | 264 (61.3) | 10 (40.0) | 0.019 | 228 (70.8) | 30 (32.3) | 0.72 |
| Hypertension (%) | 169 (41.3) | 38 (76.0) | 0.07 | 189 (43.9) | 15 (60.0) | 0.83 | 115 (35.7) | 64 (68.8) | 0.02 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 225 (55.1) | 37 (75.5) | 0.84 | 242 (56.3) | 17 (70.8) | 0.22 | 164 (51.1) | 66 (71.0) | 0.92 |
| Diabetes (%) | 93 (23.3) | 21 (45.7) | 0.26 | 103 (24.5) | 10 (45.5) | 0.09 | 64 (20.2) | 32 (36.0) | 0.56 |
| CVD (%) | 36 (7.8) | 18 (24.7) | 0.04 | 49 (9.9) | 5 (15.2) | 0.76 | 28 (7.7) | 18 (16.1) | 0.73 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 5 (1.1) | 3 (4.4) | 0.31 | 7 (1.5) | 1 (3.3) | 0.92 | 4 (1.2) | 3 (2.9) | 0.65 |
BMI indicates body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular.
a
Education information incompletely ascertained and therefore not included in this table.
b
P value is adjusted for age and sex.