FIGURE 2.

Mechanisms of gene regulation from the nuclear periphery. Activation. NET binding to transcription factors (TF) could promote activation of a gene also sequestered to the periphery. Furthermore, genes between chromatin anchoring points could be directed into TADs where for example the presence of a distal enhancer could strengthen expression. Silencing. In a different cell type the same region that was activating in a TAD could be recruited to the periphery to prevent the enhancer interaction and silence it. Just as TFs could be concentrated at the periphery by NET binding, so could transcriptional repressors (TR). Densities from protein complexes around genes tethered at the NE could also prevent access to TFs. Finally, some NETs interact with enzymes that add epigenetic marks and so recruitment of a gene to the periphery could promote the acquisition of silencing marks.