Table 3.
HRs and 95% CIs for the Associations Between Change in Single Lifestyle Factors and Cardiovascular Disease and All‐Cause Mortality
| HR and 95% CI of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease | HR and 95% CI of All‐Cause Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Improveda | Deteriorateda | Improved | Deteriorated | |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Model 1b | 0.52 (0.21–1.31) | 1.34 (0.92–1.94) | 0.83 (0.31–2.22) | 1.14 (0.74–1.77) |
| Model 2c | 0.52 (0.09–3.04) | 1.59 (0.94–2.68) | 1.24 (0.37–4.20) | 1.00 (0.48–2.06) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Model 1b | 0.71 (0.45–1.11) | 1.56 (0.81–3.02) | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | 0.83 (0.21–3.21) |
| Model 2c | 0.76 (0.44–1.32) | 1.50 (0.57–3.95) | 0.73 (0.37–1.46) | 0.73 (0.11–4.71) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Model 1b | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 1.17 (0.88–1.56) | 0.87 (0.58–1.35) | 1.31 (0.95–1.82) |
| Model 2c | 1.05 (0.72–1.54) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 1.04 (0.63–1.71) | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) |
| Mediterranean Diet Score | ||||
| Model 1b | 1.01 (0.77–1.31) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 1.37 (0.90–2.08) |
| Model 2c | 1.17 (0.84–1.61) | 1.16 (0.75–1.79) | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 1.19 (0.72–1.96) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Model 1b | 0.82 (0.59–1.13) | 1.19 (0.85–1.68) | 0.93 (0.65–1.32) | 1.11 (0.73–1.71) |
| Model 2c | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) | 1.32 (0.85–2.05) | 0.96 (0.60–1.53) | 1.10 (0.63–1.93) |
CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a
Change in single healthy lifestyle factors from unhealthy to healthy (improved) or vice versa (deteriorated) over a 5‐year period.
b
Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, sex, educational level, and occupation.
c
Analyses additionally adjusted for (other) lifestyle factors.