Table 5.
Hazard Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval of Cardiovascular Disease Events and All‐Cause Mortality in 5‐Year Lifestyle Profiles Compared to Sustained Unhealthy Lifestyle Profile
| Baseline | Healthy Lifestyle Profilea | Moderately Healthy Lifestyle Profilea | Unhealthy Lifestyle Profilea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5‐Year Follow‐up | Sustained | Deteriorate | Improve | Sustained | Deteriorate | Improve | Sustained |
| Fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease | |||||||
| Person‐years of follow‐up (no. of events) | 8537 (56) | 6732 (55) | 7146 (52) | 21 492 (199) | 3064 (44) | 2875 (42) | 2201 (52) |
| Age‐ and sex‐adjusted event rate (/10 000 person‐years) | 48 | 66 | 59 | 77 | 131 | 118 | 121 |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)b | 0.43 (0.26–0.70) | 0.56 (0.35–0.92) | 0.50 (0.30–0.83) | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | 1.06 (0.63–1.78) | 0.97 (0.56–1.66) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)c | 0.50 (0.31–0.81) | 0.63 (0.38–1.02) | 0.56 (0.37–0.94) | 0.70 (0.46–1.06) | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) | 1.00 (0.58–1.71) | 1.00 (reference) |
| All‐cause mortality | |||||||
| Person‐years of follow‐up (no. of events) | 10 610 (35) | 8287 (36) | 8834 (41) | 26 499 (142) | 3762 (31) | 3616 (31) | 2750 (22) |
| Age‐ and sex‐adjusted event rate (/10 000 person‐years) | 21 | 29 | 29 | 36 | 60 | 53 | 54 |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)b | 0.40 (0.22–0.73) | 0.54 (0.31–0.97) | 0.55 (0.31–0.97) | 0.66 (0.39–1.10) | 1.10 (0.60–2.02) | 0.98 (0.49–1.95) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)c | 0.45 (0.24–0.83) | 0.60 (0.33–1.07) | 0.60 (0.33–1.08) | 0.70 (0.41–1.17) | 1.16 (0.62–2.14) | 1.03 (0.51–2.06) | 1.00 (reference) |
Healthy lifestyle profile was defined as having 4 to 5 of the following healthy lifestyle factors: Mediterranean Diet Score ≥5, ≥3.5 hours per week spent on moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activities, not currently smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, and a body mass index lower than 30 kg/m2. Participants with a moderately healthy lifestyle profile adhered to 2 to 3 healthy lifestyle factors and participants with an unhealthy lifestyle profile to 1 or less factors.
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, educational attainment, and employment status.
Model 2: model 1+adjusted for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.