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. 2015 Dec 31;5(1):e002508. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002508

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© 2015 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Abnormalities in Rac1 ^SHF OFT myocardialization. E12.5 Rac1 ^SHF OFT cardiomyocytes, marked by α‐actinin immunostaining (B), exhibited a blunted morphology instead of a polarized morphology and did not extend as far into the OFT cushions compared with controls (A). Red arrows indicate invading cardiomyocytes. The proximal OFT septum remained nonmuscularized in P0 Rac1 ^SHF hearts (D), indicated by an absence of α‐actinin staining (arrows in D) compared with control (C), in which the septum is muscularized (arrow in C). The nonmuscularized proximal OFT septum in Rac1 ^SHF hearts (F) stained positive for picrosirius red (arrows in F), indicating that this tissue remained mesenchymal compared with controls (E), which had become muscularized (arrow in E). n=3 for each staining per group. Scale bars: 10 μm (A and B), 50 μm (C through F). Ao indicates aorta; E, embryonic day; OFT, outflow tract; RV, right ventricle; SHF, second heart field.