Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Data by Galectin‐3 Level Among 70 Patients Aged 18 to 58 Years With a Fontan Circulation
| Galectin‐3 Level, Stratified | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤14.3 ng/mL (n=51) | >14.3 ng/mL (n=19) | ||
| Age, y | 28.5±8.1 | 36.2±12.7 | 0.004 |
| Male, % | 19 (37.3) | 11 (57.9) | 0.17 |
| Height, cm | 163.2±10.0 | 169.0±9.2 | 0.31 |
| Weight, kg | 70.8±15.4 | 66.6±15.0 | 0.19 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7±4.3 | 24.8±3.6 | 0.74 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 94.1±4.4 | 92.9±3.3 | 0.15 |
| Race, % | |||
| White | 45 (93.8) | 18 (100) | 1.0 |
| Black | 1 (2.1) | 0 | |
| Other | 2 (4.2) | 0 | |
| Diagnosis, % | |||
| Tricuspid atresia | 19 (37.3) | 9 (42.1) | 0.63 |
| Double‐inlet LV | 10 (19.6) | 7 (36.8) | |
| HLHS | 11 (21.6) | 3 (15.8) | |
| Unbalanced AV canal | 3 (5.9) | 0 | |
| Double‐outlet RV | 2 (3.9) | 0 | |
| Other | 6 (11.8) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Ventricular morphology, % | 0.83 | ||
| Right | 14 (27.5) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Left | 36 (70.6) | 15 (79.0) | |
| Other | 1 (2.0) | 0 | |
| Heterotaxy, % | 4 (7.8) | 1 (5.3) | 1.0 |
| Fontan type, % | |||
| Atriopulmonary | 9 (17.7) | 5 (26.3) | 0.23 |
| Lateral tunnel | 34 (66.7) | 8 (42.1) | |
| AV or Bjork | 1 (2.0) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Extracardiac | 7 (13.7) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Patent fenestration, % | 8 (15.7) | 2 (10.5) | 0.72 |
| NYHA functional class I, % | 39 (76.5) | 13 (68.4) | 0.55 |
| History of PLE, % | 2 (3.9) | 1 (5.3) | 1.0 |
| Clinical ascites, % | 2 (3.9) | 6 (31.6) | 0.004 |
| Clinical arrhythmia, % | 26 (52.0) | 14 (73.7) | 0.17 |
| Atrial flutter, %a | 17 (65.4) | 12 (85.7) | 0.27 |
| Atrial fibrillation, %a | 5 (19.2) | 2 (14.3) | 1.0 |
| Pacemaker, % | 20 (39.2) | 12 (63.2) | 0.11 |
| Medication, % | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 30 (58.8) | 10 (52.6) | 0.79 |
| Beta blocker | 14 (27.5) | 4 (21.1) | 0.76 |
| Digoxin | 14 (27.5) | 7 (36.8) | 0.56 |
| Antiarrhythmic | 7 (13.7) | 4 (21.1) | 0.47 |
| Aspirin | 32 (62.8) | 7 (36.8) | 0.06 |
| Warfarin | 20 (39.2) | 12 (63.2) | 0.11 |
| Loop diuretic | 13 (25.5) | 12 (63.2) | 0.005 |
| Potassium‐sparing diuretic | 8 (15.7) | 7 (36.8) | 0.10 |
| Thyroid replacement | 2 (3.9) | 5 (26.3) | 0.01 |
| Systemic ventricular function, % | |||
| Normal | 24 (49.0) | 9 (47.4) | 0.03 |
| Mildly depressed | 23 (46.9) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Moderately or severely depressed | 2 (4.1) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Systemic AVV regurgitation, % | |||
| None | 14 (28.6) | 7 (36.8) | 0.49 |
| Mild | 28 (57.1) | 12 (63.2) | |
| Moderate or severe | 7 (14.3) | 0 | |
| Aortic regurgitation, % | |||
| None | 30 (61.2) | 8 (42.1) | 0.29 |
| Mild | 17 (35.7) | 10 (52.6) | |
| Moderate or severe | 2 (4.1) | 1 (5.3) | |
A subset of patients was missing valid data for some variables (eg, 2 of 51 patients with normal galectin‐3 level had not had relevant imaging in the prior 2 years). Continuous variables are presented as mean±SD, and categorical variables are presented as n (%). ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AV, atrioventricular; AVV, atrioventricular valve; BMI, body mass index; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; LV, left ventricle; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PLE, protein‐losing enteropathy; RV, right ventricle.
Percentage of patients with clinical arrhythmia with this diagnosis. These diagnoses are not mutually exclusive.