Table 3.
Lipid, Weight, HOMA, and C‐Reactive Protein Levels at Baseline and 6 Months by Insulin Resistance Status
| Lower Fat | Lower Carbohydrate | Walnut‐Rich | All | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IS | IR | IS | IR | IS | IR | IS | IR | |
| Baseline | ||||||||
| n | 39 | 43 | 39 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 119 | 126 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dLa | 107 (7)b | 154 (14)b | 109 (11)b | 146 (9)b | 89 (5)b | 136 (7)b | 101 (5)b | 145 (6)b |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 64 (3)b | 56 (2)b | 61 (2) | 55 (2) | 64 (2)b | 56 (2)b | 63 (1)b | 55 (1)b |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 115 (5) | 121 (6) | 120 (5) | 125 (5) | 123 (5) | 126 (6) | 119 (3) | 124 (3) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 201 (5) | 206 (7) | 202 (7) | 208 (5) | 205 (5) | 208 (6) | 203 (3) | 207 (3) |
| Percentage with high cholesterol | 51 (8) | 56 (8) | 46 (8) | 55 (8) | 63 (8) | 54 (8) | 54 (5) | 55 (4) |
| Percentage using lipid medication | 10 (5) | 14 (5) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | 5 (3)b | 22 (7)b | 8 (3) | 15 (3) |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 9 (0.4)b | 18 (1)b | 8 (1)b | 22 (0.4)b | 9 (0.3)b | 19 (1)b | 9 (0.2)b | 20 (1)b |
| HOMA | 2.2 (0.1)b | 4.6 (0.3)b | 2.0 (0.1)b | 5.7 (0.4)b | 2.2 (0.1)b | 4.9 (0.3)b | 2.1 (0.1)b | 5.1 (0.2)b |
| Weight, kg | 87 (2)b | 92 (2)b | 87 (2)b | 92 (2)b | 87 (2) | 93 (2) | 87 (1)b | 93 (1)b |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33 (0.4) | 34 (1) | 33 (1)b | 34 (1)b | 33 (1)b | 35 (1)b | 33 (0.3)b | 34 (0.3)b |
| CRP, μg/mLa | 4.3 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.4)b | 7.2 (1.1)b | 3.6 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.4)b | 6.0 (0.5)b |
| 6 Months | ||||||||
| n | 36 | 40 | 35 | 31 | 36 | 35 | 107 | 106 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dLa | 100 (8)b | 135 (9)b | 95 (6)b | 122 (8)b, c | 82 (5)b | 112 (9)b, c | 92 (4)b | 123 (5)b, c |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 60 (2)b, c | 53 (2)b | 60 (3) | 54 (3) | 69 (3)b | 57 (2)b | 63 (2)b | 55 (1)b |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 108 (4) | 114 (5) | 113 (4) | 123 (6) | 108 (4)c | 119 (6) | 110 (2)c | 118 (3)c |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189 (4)c | 194 (6)c | 192 (5)c | 200 (7) | 193 (6)c | 198 (7)c | 191 (3)c | 197 (4)c |
| Percentage with high cholesterol | 36 (8) | 50 (8) | 46 (9) | 55 (9) | 36 (8)c | 54 (9) | 39 (5)c | 53 (5) |
| Percentage using lipid medication | 11 (5) | 15 (6) | 11 (5) | 6 (4) | 6 (4)b | 23 (7)b | 9 (3) | 15 (3) |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 9 (1)b | 14 (1)b, c | 9 (1)b | 16 (1)b, c | 10 (1)b | 17 (2)b | 10 (0.4)b | 16 (1)b, c |
| HOMA | 2.1 (0.2)b | 3.4 (0.2)b, c | 2.1 (0.1)b | 4.0 (0.4)b, c | 2.3 (0.2)b | 4.2 (0.5)b, c | 2.2 (0.1)b | 3.9 (0.2)b, c |
| Weight, kg | 80 (2)c | 84 (2)c | 83 (3)c | 85 (2)c | 81 (2)c | 85 (2)c | 81 (1)c | 85 (1)c |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30 (1)c | 31 (1)c | 31 (1)c | 32 (1)c | 30 (1)c | 32 (1)c | 30 (0.4)c | 31 (0.4)c |
| CRP, μg/mLa | 3.7 (0.7)c | 4.2 (0.7)c | 2.9 (0.6)b | 4.2 (0.6)b | 2.7 (0.5)c, b | 4.1 (0.8)b | 3.1 (0.4)b | 4.2 (0.4)b, c |
Values shown are mean (SEM). BMI indicates body mass index, CRP, C‐reactive protein; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IR, insulin resistant; IS, insulin sensitive; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Untransformed means are shown, but values were log‐transformed in analysis.
b
IR different from IS within group and time (P<0.05), mixed model.
c
P<0.05 within group and insulin resistance status compared with baseline, mixed model.