Table 3.
Global and Regional CHD Mortality Attributable to SFA, n‐6PUFA, and TFA in 2010
| Population (Millions) | Total CHD Deaths (Thousands) | Mean Dietary Consumption (95% UI)a | Attributable CHD Deaths/Year (Thousands) (95% UI) | Attributable CHD Deaths/Year Per Million Adults (95% UI) | Proportional Attributable CHD Deaths (% of Total CHD Deaths) (95% UI) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SFA (%E) | n‐6PUFA (%E) | TFA (%E) | Higher SFAb (>10.0%E) | Insufficient n‐6 PUFAc (<12.0%E) | Higher TFAd(>0.5%E) | Higher SFAb (>10.0%E) | Insufficient n‐6 PUFAc (<12.0%E) | Higher TFAd(>0.5%E) | Higher SFAb (>10.0%E) | Insufficient n‐6 PUFAc (<12.0%E) | Higher TFAd(>0.5%E) | |||
| Global | ||||||||||||||
| Both sexes | ||||||||||||||
| Age 25–69, y | 3460 | 2366 | 9.3 (9.3–9.4) | 6.0 (5.9–6.0) | 1.4 (1.4–1.4) | 103.2 (97.2–109.7) | 316.4 (296.9–337.9) | 244.0 (234.1–253.6) | 30 (28–32) | 91 (86–98) | 71 (68–73) | 4.4 (4.2–4.5) | 13.4 (12.9–13.8) | 10.3 (10.1–10.5) |
| Age ≥70, y | 348 | 4566 | 9.9 (9.8–10.1) | 5.9 (5.8–6.0) | 1.3 (1.3–1.3) | 147.7 (136.1–161.0) | 395.3 (369.9–423.7) | 293.1 (275.9–311.3) | 425 (391–463) | 1137 (1064–1219) | 843 (794–896) | 3.2 (3.1–3.4) | 8.7 (8.2–9.1) | 6.4 (6.2–6.7) |
| All ages, y | 3808 | 6933 | 9.4 (9.0–9.7) | 6.0 (5.6–6.3) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 250.9 (236.9–265.8) | 711.8 (680.7–745.0) | 537.2 (517.6–557.0) | 66 (62–70) | 187 (179–196) | 141 (136–146) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7) | 10.3 (9.9–10.6) | 7.7 (7.6–7.9) |
| Female | ||||||||||||||
| Age 25–69, y | 1723 | 730 | 9.5 (9.4–9.6) | 6.0 (5.9–6.1) | 1.4 (1.4–1.4) | 31.0 (28.7–33.6) | 95.1 (86.6–104.5) | 77.6 (72.5–82.6) | 18 (17–20) | 55 (50–61) | 45 (42–48) | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | 13.0 (12.4–13.6) | 10.6 (10.3–11.0) |
| Age ≥70, y | 200 | 2515 | 10.2 (10.1–10.4) | 6.0 (5.8–6.1) | 1.3 (1.3–1.3) | 85.6 (75.0–97.4) | 210.9 (191.2–231.8) | 159.0 (144.7–174.0) | 428 (375–488) | 1055 (956–1160) | 796 (724–871) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 8.4 (7.8–9.0) | 6.3 (5.9–6.7) |
| All ages, y | 1923 | 3247 | 9.6 (9.1–10.1) | 6.0 (5.5–6.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 116.6 (105.6–129.1) | 306.0 (284.3–329.3) | 236.6 (221.5–252.0) | 61 (55–67) | 159 (148–171) | 123 (115–131) | 3.6 (3.4–3.8) | 9.4 (9.0–9.8) | 7.3 (7.1–7.5) |
| Male | ||||||||||||||
| Age 25–69, y | 1737 | 1637 | 9.2 (9.1–9.2) | 5.9 (5.8–6.0) | 1.4 (1.4–1.4) | 72.1 (67.0–78.2) | 221.4 (204.8–240.0) | 166.4 (158.2–174.6) | 42 (39–45) | 127 (118–138) | 96 (91–101) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 13.5 (12.9–14.2) | 10.2 (9.8–10.5) |
| Age ≥70, y | 148 | 2049 | 9.6 (9.5–9.7) | 5.8 (5.7–6.0) | 1.3 (1.3–1.3) | 62.1 (56.7–68.1) | 184.4 (169.8–201.9) | 134.1 (125.5–143.6) | 421 (384–461) | 1249 (1150–1367) | 908 (850–972) | 3.0 (2.8–3.3) | 9.0 (8.3–9.7) | 6.5 (6.2–6.9) |
| All ages, y | 1884 | 3687 | 9.2 (8.7–9.7) | 5.9 (5.4–6.4) | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 134.3 (126.4–142.1) | 405.8 (383.8–430.2) | 300.5 (288.1–313.1) | 71 (67–75) | 215 (204–228) | 159 (153–166) | 3.6 (3.5–3.8) | 11.0 (10.5–11.5) | 8.2 (7.9–8.4) |
| Income level | ||||||||||||||
| High income | 755 | 1794 | 11.7 (11.7–11.8) | 5.5 (5.5–5.6) | 1.6 (1.6–1.7) | 68.1 (62.4–74.0) | 183.2 (169.7–197.1) | 171.2 (157.0–186.4) | 90 (83–98) | 243 (225–261) | 227 (208–247) | 3.8 (3.6–3.9) | 10.2 (9.9–10.5) | 9.5 (9.2–9.9) |
| Upper‐middle income | 1528 | 2703 | 9.0 (8.9–9.1) | 7.6 (7.5–7.7) | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | 97.0 (86.9–109.1) | 214.6 (198.9–231.0) | 160.2 (152.5–168.4) | 64 (57–71) | 140 (130–151) | 105 (100–110) | 3.6 (3.4–3.8) | 7.9 (7.5–8.5) | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) |
| Lower‐middle income | 1212 | 2183 | 8.6 (8.5–8.7) | 4.5 (4.4–4.7) | 1.5 (1.5–1.5) | 76.9 (70.7–83.9) | 279.4 (256.6–304.6) | 189.1 (178.9–199.5) | 63 (58–69) | 230 (212–251) | 156 (148–165) | 3.5 (3.3–3.8) | 12.8 (12.0–13.6) | 8.7 (8.3–9.0) |
| Low income | 313 | 255 | 8.7 (8.6–8.9) | 4.5 (4.3–4.6) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 8.8 (8.1–9.5) | 34.6 (32.9–36.2) | 16.7 (15.0–18.3) | 28 (26–30) | 111 (105–116) | 53 (48–59) | 3.4 (3.3–3.6) | 13.5 (13.0–14.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.1) |
| Regional | ||||||||||||||
| Australasia | 17 | 38 | 13.6 (13.4–13.8) | 5.0 (5.0–5.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.3) | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 4.1 (3.3–5.0) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 126 (101–151) | 238 (191–286) | 128 (110–146) | 5.8 (5.3–6.4) | 10.9 (10.0–11.9) | 5.9 (5.5–6.3) |
| Canada and United States | 226 | 620 | 11.7 (11.6–11.9) | 6.5 (6.4–6.6) | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) | 19.9 (15.4–25.2) | 56.8 (45.7–68.9) | 110.5 (96.8–126.1) | 88 (68–111) | 251 (202–304) | 488 (428–557) | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | 9.2 (8.3–10.0) | 17.9 (16.8–18.9) |
| East/Central Eurasia | 273 | 1641 | 13.3 (13.0–13.7) | 7.8 (7.5–8.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 82.1 (71.4–94.6) | 122.2 (109.7–136.1) | 73.1 (68.5–78.0) | 301 (262–347) | 448 (402–499) | 268 (251–286) | 5.0 (4.6–5.4) | 7.4 (7.0–7.9) | 4.5 (4.3–4.6) |
| East/Southeast Asia | 1354 | 1530 | 10.1 (10.0–10.2) | 6.8 (6.7–6.9) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 71.6 (67.0–76.2) | 146.8 (135.0–159.5) | 67.5 (62.0–73.1) | 53 (49–56) | 108 (100–118) | 50 (46–54) | 4.7 (4.4–4.9) | 9.6 (9.0–10.2) | 4.4 (4.2–4.7) |
| Latin America/Caribbean | 316 | 465 | 8.2 (8.1–8.3) | 6.1 (6.0–6.1) | 1.9 (1.8–1.9) | 6.5 (6.0–7.0) | 48.5 (45.6–51.6) | 49.6 (46.7–52.4) | 21 (19–22) | 154 (144–163) | 157 (148–166) | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 10.4 (9.9–11.0) | 10.7 (10.2–11.1) |
| North Africa/Middle East | 225 | 410 | 10.3 (10.1–10.5) | 5.9 (5.8–6.1) | 2.3 (2.3–2.4) | 9.1 (8.4–9.9) | 46.2 (43.5–49.0) | 73.9 (70.1–78.1) | 41 (37–44) | 205 (194–218) | 329 (312–347) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 11.2 (10.7–11.8) | 18.0 (17.3–18.7) |
| South Asia | 776 | 1270 | 4.2 (4.1–4.2) | 4.8 (4.5–5.0) | 1.7 (1.6–1.7) | 17.5 (14.0–22.0) | 175.0 (153.6–199.7) | 113.9 (104.6–123.3) | 23 (18–28) | 226 (198–258) | 147 (135–159) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 13.7 (12.5–15.0) | 8.9 (8.4–9.4) |
| Sub‐Saharan Africa | 320 | 209 | 11.3 (11.1–11.6) | 4.2 (4.1–4.3) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 8.1 (7.6–8.6) | 30.6 (29.4–31.8) | 7.7 (7.3–8.1) | 25 (24–27) | 95 (92–99) | 24 (23–25) | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) | 14.6 (14.2–15.1) | 3.7 (3.5–3.9) |
| Western Europe | 301 | 745 | 12.6 (12.5–12.7) | 5.2 (5.1–5.3) | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) | 33.8 (30.4–37.5) | 81.5 (74.7–88.9) | 38.7 (36.2–41.5) | 112 (101–125) | 271 (248–295) | 129 (120–138) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | 10.9 (10.5–11.4) | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
List of countries within each region: Australasia: Australia, New Zealand; Canada and United States: Canada, United States; East/Central Eurasia: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Macedonia, Montenegro, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; East/Southeast Asia: Darussalam, China, Fiji, Micronesia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor‐Leste, Tonga, Taiwan, Vietnam, Vanuatu, Samoa, Brunei, Japan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Singapore; Latin America/Caribbean: Argentina, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Barbados, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, El Salvador, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela; North Africa/Middle East: United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, Yemen; South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan; sub‐Saharan Africa: Angola, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Democratic republic of the Congo, Congo, Comoros, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea‐Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Swaziland, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Western Europe: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. %E indicates percentage of total energy intake; CHD, ischemic heart disease; n‐6 PUFA, ω‐6 polyunsaturated fat; SFA, saturated fat; TFA, trans fat; UI, uncertainly interval.
Mean national consumption levels among adults, (95%UI) based on intakes in each country‐, age‐, and sex‐specific stratum weighted by the number of adults in that stratum in 2010.
Burdens due to higher SFA (>10%E), based on benefits if isocalorically replaced with n‐6 PUFA (up to 12%E).
Burdens due to insufficient n‐6 PUFA (<12%E), based on benefits if isocalorically replacing either SFA (down to 10%E) or carbohydrates.
Burdens due to higher TFA (>0.5%E), based on benefits if isocalorically replaced with other dietary fats.