Table 3. Summary of binary multivariable regression analysis between the different patient groups: relation of the covariates cytokines, immunoglobulins, age and epidemiological parameters.
| Covariate | OR | CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infected versus uninfected | ||||
| SEA IgG4 (OD) | 19.384 | [7.967–47.161] | 0.000 | |
| IL-5 (pg/ml) | 0.994 | [0.990–0.998] | 0.005 | |
| not exposed | 0.368 | [0.162–0.838] | 0.017 | |
| age group | 0.025 | |||
| young | 5.230 | [1.472–18.584] | 0.011 | |
| adolescent | 3.779 | [1.222–11.694] | 0.021 | |
| IL-12p70 (pg/ml) | 0.990 | [0.979–1.002] | 0.090 | |
| egg+ versus Sm uninf | ||||
| SEA IgG4 (OD) | 19.784 | [7.718–50.530] | 0.000 | |
| IL-5 (pg/ml) | 0.993 | [0.987–0.999] | 0.015 | |
| no latrine in house | 5.376 | [1.990–14.518] | 0.001 | |
| age group | 0.003 | |||
| young | 16.020 | [3.183–80.633] | 0.001 | |
| adolescent | 4.300 | [1.188–15.562] | 0.026 | |
| IL-13 (pg/ml) | 1.030 | [1.009–1.052] | 0.005 | |
| IL-12p70 (pg/ml) | 0.963 | [0.938–0.989] | 0.006 | |
| IL-8 (ng/ml) | 1.099 | [1.004–1.203] | 0.040 | |
| IgE (ng/ml) | 1.201 | [0.983–1.469] | 0.073 | |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 1.042 | [0.991–1.095] | 0.110 | |
| SmPCR+ versus Sm uninf | ||||
| SEA IgG4 (OD) | 26.205 | [7.529–91.210] | 0.000 | |
| IL-5 (pg/ml) | 0.995 | [0.991–1.000] | 0.034 | |
| female | 0.404 | [0.145–1.128] | 0.083 | |
| egg+ versus SmPCR+ | ||||
| no latrine in house | 6.211 | [2.915–13.157] | 0.000 | |
| not coinfected | 0.241 | [0.106–0.547] | 0.001 | |
| IgE (ng/ml) | 1.160 | [1.016–1.324] | 0.028 | |
| not exposed | 5.780 | [1.077–31.250] | 0.041 | |
| female | 2.293 | [0.979–5.376] | 0.056 | |
| IL-12p70 (pg/ml) | 0.958 | [0.931–0.987] | 0.004 | |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 1.033 | [0.998–1.068] | 0.061 | |
| IL-5 (pg/ml) | 0.987 | [0.975–0.998] | 0.025 | |
| IL-1β (pg/ml) | 1.008 | [1.001–1.015] | 0.035 | |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 1.008 | [1.000–1.017] | 0.061 | |
Data were assessed using a binary multivariable regression analysis using the parameters exposure (daily water source), latrine, education, age, co-infection, gender and immune parameters as covariates. The age covariate was further subgrouped into "young" (4–9 years old), "adolescent" (10–19 years old) and "adult" (20–80 years old). Analysis was performed between the three different groups and the results depict significant parameters with OR (odds ratio) and CI values and p values. When the OR is above 1 then associations are with the group which is listed first. Regarding cytokine values, the OR of 0.992 for IL-1β in " egg+ vs SmPCR+" for example, means that increases in cytokine levels for one unit (pg) signifies an association with the egg+ group.