Table 1.
Dysregulation of miRNA biogenesis machinery in cancers
| Protein | Dysregulation | Cancer type | Clinical correlation | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DROSHA | Upregulation | Cervical SCC | Altered miRNA profile; associated with neoplastic progression | 70,162 |
| Oesophageal cancer | Regulates cell proliferation; associated with poor patient survival | 71 | ||
| BCC | Not determined | 163 | ||
| SCC | Not determined | 163 | ||
| Triple-negative breast cancer | No clinical correlation | 164,165 | ||
| Smooth muscle tumours | Associated with tumour progression | 166 | ||
| Gastric cancer | Associated with pathological characteristics and patient survival | 167 | ||
| Serous ovarian carcinoma | Associated with advanced tumour stages | 168 | ||
| Non-small cell lung cancer | Associated with poor prognosis | 169 | ||
| Downregulation | Bladder cancer | Altered miRNA profile | 170 | |
| Ovarian cancer | Associated with poor patient survival | 14 | ||
| Endometrial cancer | Correlated with histological grade | 171 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Correlated with shorter patient survival | 73 | ||
| Breast cancer | Not determined | 172 | ||
| Gallbladder adenocarcinoma | Correlated with metastasis, invasion and poor prognosis | 72 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | Correlated with global downregulation of miRNAs and poor outcome | 13 | ||
| Cutaneous melanoma | Associated with cancer progression and poor survival | 74 | ||
| DGCR8 | Upregulation | Oesophageal cancer | Associated with poor patient survival | 71 |
| Bladder cancer | Altered miRNA profile | 170 | ||
| SCC and BCC | Not determined | 173 | ||
| Prostate cancer | Associated with dysregulated miRNA | 174 | ||
| Colorectal carcinoma | Not associated with any clinical parameters | 175 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | Required for cell proliferation, migration and invasion | 176 | ||
| DICER1 | Upregulation | Smooth muscle tumours | Associated with high-grade disease and tumour progression | 166 |
| Gastric cancer | Correlated with gastric tumour subtype | 167 | ||
| Serous ovarian carcinoma | Associated with advanced tumour stages | 168 | ||
| Prostate cancer | Dysregulated miRNA expression; correlated with tumour stage | 174,177 | ||
| Oral cancer | Required for proliferation | 178 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Correlated with tumour stage and associated with poor survival | 179–181 | ||
| Precursor lesions of lung adenocarcinoma | Associated with histological subtypes and stages | 182 | ||
| Cutaneous melanoma | Correlated with clinical stage | 183 | ||
| Downregulation | Triple-negative breast cancer | No clinical correlation | 165,184 | |
| Bladder cancer | Altered miRNA profile | 170,185 | ||
| BCC | Not determined | 163 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | Associated with advanced tumour stage and poor patient survival | 14,186, 187 | ||
| Endometrial cancer | No association with histological grade detected | 171 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Correlated with shorter patient survival | 73 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | Associated with global downregulation of miRNAs and poor outcome | 13 | ||
| Breast cancer | Associated with cancer progression and recurrence | 172,188 | ||
| Gallbladder adenocarcinoma | Correlated with metastasis, invasion and poor prognosis | 72 | ||
| Non-small cell lung cancer | Low levels of DICER1 expression correlate with shortened survival | 12,169 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Not associated with clinical characteristics | 189 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia | Associated with progression and prognosis | 190 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Associated with tumour stage and shorter survival | 191 | ||
| PACT | Upregulation | AK, SCC and BCC | Not determined | 173 |
| XPO5 | Downregulation | Bladder cancer | Associated with altered miRNA profile | 170 |
| AGO1 | Upregulation | AK, SCC and BCC | Not determined | 173 |
| Serous ovarian carcinoma | Associated with advanced tumour stages | 168 | ||
| AGO2 | Upregulation | AK, SCC and BCC | Not determined | 173 |
| Serous ovarian carcinoma | Correlated with advanced tumour stages and associated with shorter survival | 168 |
AGO, Argonaute; AK, actinic keratoses; BCC, basal cell carcinoma; DGCR8, DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8; miRNA, microRNA; PACT, interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; XPO5, exportin 5.