Table 3.
Characteristics of studies included in the review and reported aspects of the ToC process
| Reference | Location(s) | Brief description of program | Health outcome | Development of TOC | TOC in intervention development | ToC in evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen, Nesman et al. (2012) [26] | USA | Tampa Hillsborough integrated network for kids: respite care for families with seriously emotionally disturbed children | Reduction in caregiver burden | X | ||
| Andreas, Ja et al. (2010) [27] | USA | Peer community approach to prevent substance use and recidivism in men and women in recovery who have been incarcerated | Prevention of substance abuse relapse | X | X | |
| AusAID (2010) [28] | Papua New Guinea | Strengthen sector wide response to HIV in Papua New Guinea | Stable HIV incidence rate; improved care for people living with HIV/AIDS | X | ||
| Bacchus, Bewley et al. (2010) [29] | UK | Guidelines, staff training, inclusion of routine enquiry for domestic violence with all patients, and referral of women disclosing violence to an on-site advocacy service. | Reduction in severity and frequency of abuse. Improved safety and access to resources | X | X | |
| Barton, Powers et al. (2001) [30] | USA | Promoting positive youth development for young people | Reduction in drug and alcohol use, increase in immunisation rates | X | ||
| Basson and Roets (2013) [31] | South Africa | A workplace wellness programme for HIV affected nurses | Positive health and well-being of nurses | X | X | |
| Bauer (1999) [16] | USA | Oakland Community-Based Public Health Initiative: a capacity and advocacy initiative for residents to impact on public health policy and training of public health professionals | Nil specific | X | X | |
| Bauld, Judge et al. (2005) [32] | UK | Health action zones: a multi-area study in 26 local health areas aiming to identify and address the public health needs of the local area, to increase effectiveness and efficiency of services and develop partnerships | Improved health and reduced inequality. | X | ||
| Beeston, Robinson et al. (2011) [33] | UK | A strategy for reducing alcohol related harm | Reduced alcohol related harms | X | X | |
| Bhattacharjee (2013) [34] | India | A multipronged programme targeting sex workers, their partners and the community to increase condom use and reduce violence towards sex workers | Increase in protected sex and decrease in STI/HIV transmission among sex workers | X | X | X |
| Birkby (2001) [35] | USA | Community partnerships for protecting children initiative on child maltreatment consisting of 5 strategic elements including casework training, family decision-making, a hotline, community resource teams and substance abuse prevention and treatment | Reduction in serious injury | X | X | |
| Bonner (2003) [36] | UK | Programme aimed at reducing drug taking and drug related harm | Reduction in drug taking and drug-related harm among urban young people | X | ||
| Brown, Hawkins et al. (2013) [37] | USA | Communities that care: a manualised system for community coalitions to influence human and financial resources to address adolescent health and behaviour problems | Reduction in adolescent behaviour problems. | X | ||
| Carr, Lhussier et al. (2008) [38] | UK | A walking group as part of the Positive Health Programme funded by the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund | Enhanced physical fitness | X | X | |
| Carroll, David et al. (2005) [39] | UK | Workplace wellness program | Improved well-being of women clothing factory workers | X | X | |
| Chandani, Noel et al. (2012) [40] | International multi-country | Medication supply chains for community health workers in Rwanda, Ethiopia and Malawi | Appropriate receipt of treatment for common childhood illness; Availability of usable and quality medicines for appropriate treatment of childhood illnesses | X | X | X |
| Cole, Hogg-Johnson et al. (2006) [41] | Canada | Workplace economic program | Reduction in pain intensity and disability | X | ||
| De La Rosa, Perry et al. (2005) [42] | USA | A family based home visit intervention during pregnancy and after the birth of the first child | Improved social support, caregiver behaviours, family interactions and decreased personal problems affecting parenting. | X | X | X |
| De La Rosa, Perry et al. (2009) [43] | USA | A family based home visit intervention during pregnancy and after the birth of the first child | Multiple including improved immunisation rates, connection with a medical home and maternal achievement of economic self-sufficiency. | X | X | X |
| Dixon-Woods, Bosk et al. (2011) [44] | USA | An intervention in intensive care units to reduce central venous catheter bloodstream infections | Decrease in intensive care unit mortality, hospital mortality, catheter related infections, ventilator associated pneumonia | X | X | |
| Dixon-Woods, Tarrant et al. (2010) [45] | UK | Safer Patient Initiative: introduction of patient safety into hospital management, culture and practice. | Increased patient safety in hospitals | X | ||
| Goss-Power (2005) [46] | USA | VASE: a school for adolescents with emotional and behavioural disturbances | Nil specific | X | ||
| Gray and Seddon (2005) [47] | UK | Two programmes aimed at children in “trouble” at school, truancy and risk of social exclusion. 1. “Kick it” Football Project which included mentoring and drug education, 2. The Salford Anti-Rust gardening project using mentoring using horticulture | No specific health outcomes mentioned (mechanisms for change only) | X | X | |
| Gregor (2009) [48] | UK | Programme which enables partnership between public and third sector organisations to deliver awareness-raising programs | Earlier presentation with TB, decrease in TC incidence Decrease in TB stigma, decreased barriers to access | X | X | |
| Henderson (2004) [49] | USA | A substance abuse treatment programme for homeless people | Sobriety, improved medical health | X | ||
| Hernandez and Hodges (2006) [12] | USA | Interagency service planning for youth who had been arrested and involved in juvenile probation | No specific health outcomes | X | X | |
| Illinois Caucus for Adolescent Health (2013) [50] | USA | A network of youth and adults who advocate within school, family and healthcare systems to support sexual health, rights and identities of youth | Impacts school, family and healthcare systems in priority areas | X | ||
| Kemp, Harris et al. (2013) [51] | Australia | An ante- and post-natal home visiting program | Multiple including improved pre and postnatal maternal health and increased engagement with services | X | X | |
| Knowlton and Phillips (2012) [14] | USA | A five-arm strategic funding model to improve food security for children in the USA | Improved US food security | X | X | |
| Kreger, Sargent et al. (2011) [52] | USA | A network of coalitions and technical assistance programmes who use an environmental justice approach to reduce risk factors for smoking | Healthier children and environments | X | X | X |
| Levinson-Johnson (2012) [53] | USA | A system of care for youth with behavioural and emotional problems and their families | Various health systems level changes | X | X | X |
| Levison-Johnson and Wenz-Gross (2010) [54] | USA | A system of care for youth with behavioural and emotional problems and their families | Not described | X | ||
| Lund, Tomlinson et al. (2012) [55] | International multi-country | Programme for improving mental healthcare (PRIME): district specific mental health care plans which are integrated into routine health services | Not described | X | X | X |
| Macfarlane, Greenhalgh et al. (2011) [56] | UK | Whole-scale transformation of stroke, kidney and sexual health services including human resource management | Various including culture of health service and quality of care and service provision | X | X | |
| Mackenzie (2006) [57] | UK | Starting well: intensive home visiting services for families of new babies in 2 areas in Scotland | Not described | X | X | |
| Mackenzie and Blamey (2005) [58] | UK | A multipronged heart disease prevention program | Reduced coronary heart disease | X | X | |
| Mackenzie, Blamey et al. (2007) [59] | UK | Choose life: a national strategy to reduce suicide in Scotland | 20 % reduction in suicide rates over a 10-year period | X | ||
| Mackenzie, O’Donnell et al. (2010) [1] | UK | Keep Well: a programme to identify those at risk of ill health and offered health checks and preventative services within primary and secondary care | Decreasing inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Scotland | X | ||
| Mackenzie, Reid et al. (2012) [60] | UK | Keep Well: the programme to identify those at risk of ill health and offered health checks and preventative services within primary and secondary care | Decreasing inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Scotland | |||
| Maselli (2012) [61] | USA | A comprehensive system of care which avoids re-traumatising children and youth with severe emotional challenges | Nil specific | X | X | X |
| Mason (2005) [62] | UK | The Timely Tales: a community development and community arts project (part of a larger Health Action Zone Project) | None described | X | X | |
| McQuiston, Choi-Hevel et al. (2001) [63] | USA | A culture specific programme to empower lay health advisers to promote sexual health and reduce sexually transmitted diseases | Promotion of sexual health and reduction of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV | X | X | |
| Mookherji and LaFond (2013) [64] | International multi-country | Africa Routine Immunisation System Essentials (ARISE): using lessons from existing immunisations programmes that have achieved solid advances in immunisation | Improved immunisation performance and equity | X | X | |
| Morilus-Black, McCarthy et al. (2012) [65] | USA | An integrated system of care for children and families experiencing social and/or behavioural challenges | Improved care and referrals | X | X | X |
| Reid and Botma (2012) [66] | South Africa | A programme which aims to expand public services to children with biomedical healthcare needs related to HIV | Nil specific | X | ||
| Riley, Byng et al. (2008) [67] | UK | The Lewisham Depression Programme: a multifaceted programme which included marketing of the program, training and a depression recognition audit | Not described | X | X | |
| Rivera, Martorell et al. (2011) [68] | International multi-country | A master plan for the improvement of nutrition in Mesoamerica | Multiple including decreased mortality and increased maternal and child health | X | X | X |
| Rodriguez, Betanzos-Reyes et al. (2011) [69] | International multi-country | A multifaceted strategic plan to eliminate malaria transmission in Mesoamerica | Eliminating local transmission of malaria in Mesoamerica | X | X | |
| Scanlon, Beich et al. (2012) [70] | USA | Quality improvement alliance: to improve quality in the healthcare system | Improvement in key community and population health outcomes | X | X | |
| Schierhout, Hains et al. (2013) [71] | Australia | A continuous quality improvement programme in primary health care centres | Changes in delivery of guideline schedules services, focusing on diabetes and preventive care | X | X | |
| Secker, Bowers et al. (2005) [72] | UK | Preretirement health advice and services for people aged 50–65 years | Nil mentioned | X | X | |
| Smith and Barnes (2013) [73] | UK | A whole systems approach to prevention of ill health | Improved quality of life, reduced social exclusion and reduced need for acute hospital care for older people | X | X | |
| Suarez-Balcazar (2005) [74] | USA | A community intervention to assist community members in accessing health resources through the project’s home web page and the Internet. | Nil specific | X | ||
| Tran (2009) [75] | UK | Provision of mental health advocacy delivered by a Chinese advocate with Cantonese and Mandarin skills | Nil specific | X | X | |
| Tucker, Liao et al. (2006) [76] | USA | Community strategies driven by 40 community coalitions to eliminate disparities in racial or ethnic groups for priority health areas | Reduction in health disparities | X | X | X |
| Vander Stoep, Williams et al. (1999) [77] | USA | A family-centred system of care by community-based teams for youth with mental health needs | Improved level of functioning for children | X | X | |
| Veerman, De Kemp et al. (2003) [78] | Netherlands | Families First: a home-based intervention for children with behaviour problems | Nil specific | X | ||
| von dem Knesebeck, Joksimovic et al. (2002) [79] | Germany | Systems interventions to improve local coordination of health and social care | Improved health care, health monitoring and health promotion | X | ||
| Walker and Matarese (2011) [80] | USA | A coaching, training and technical assistance model for wraparound | Nil specific | X | X | |
| Weitzman, Silver et al. (2002) [13] | USA | Urban Health Initiative: a citywide multi-sector planning initiative | Improved health and safety outcomes for children and youth | X | X | |
| Weitzman, Mijanovich et al. (2009) [81] | USA | Urban Health Initiative: a citywide multi-sector planning initiative | Improved health and safety outcomes for children and youth | X | X | |
| Wenz-Gross and DuBrino (2012) [82] | USA | A which programme aims to decrease and prevent youths with serious emotional disturbance from becoming involved in the courts | Various including increased youth functioning and behavioural adjustment | X | X | X |