Serum type I interferon (IFN) activity measurements prior to and 4–6 weeks after starting tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitor therapy. (A–C) Type I IFN, IFN-β and IFN-β/α, respectively, in patients with non-response. (D–F) Type I IFN, IFN-β and IFN-β/α, respectively, in patients with good or moderate response. Line indicates the median, error bars show the IQR, p value by Mann–Whitney U test.