Table 1. Species used in the phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference).
Based on mitochondrial molecular markers (COI and 16S) and nuclear molecular markers (ITS, 18S, and 28S).
| Species | Specimens | GenBank accession numbers | Locality | Voucher | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COI | 16S | ITS | 18S | 28S | ||||
| Craterolophus convolvulus | Craterolophus convolvulus GER | KU257472 | AY845343 | KU308618 | AY845344 | AY920781 | Helgoland, North Sea, Germany | USNM 1073330, 1073339 |
| Craterolophus convolvulus UK | KU257473 | KU257497 | KU308619 | – | – | Sennen Cove, Cornwall, England | USNM 1286315 | |
| Craterolophus convolvulus USA | – | KU257498 | KU308620 | KU308557 | KU308586 | Rye Beach, Rye, New Hampshire, USA | MZUSP 002730 | |
| Depastromorpha africana | Depastromorpha africana 1* | – | – | – | KU308558 | – | Kalk Bay, Cape Town, South Africa | MZUSP 002733 |
| Depastromorpha africana 2* | KU257474 | KU257499 | KU308621 | – | KU308587 | Kalk Bay, Cape Town, South Africa | MZUSP 002734 | |
| Haliclystus antarcticus | Haliclystus antarcticus ANT | KU257475 | EU294003 | FJ874779 | EU247811 | KU308588 | Argentine antarctic station Jubany, King George Island, Antarctica | None |
| Haliclystus antarcticus Chile | – | AY845340 | KU308622 | AY845348 | KU308589 | Valdivia, Chile | None | |
| Haliclystus borealis | Haliclystus borealis | – | KU257500 | KU308623 | KU308559 | KU308590 | Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan | USNM 1106650 |
| Haliclystus californiensis | Haliclystus californiensis | GU201831 | GU201829 | KU308624 | KU308560 | KU308591 | Otter Point, Pacific Grove, California, USA | USNM 1106657 |
| Haliclystus octoradiatus | Haliclystus octoradiatus | KU257476 | KU257501 | KU308625 | KU308561 | KU308592 | Cornwall, England | USNM 1286385 |
| Haliclystus “sanjuanensis” | Haliclystus “sanjuanensis” | KU257477 | HM022151 | HM022145 | KU308562 | KU308593 | San Juan Island, Washington, USA | USNM 1106935 |
| Haliclystus stejnegeri | Haliclystus stejnegeri | KU257478 | HM022153 | HM022147 | KU308563 | KU308594 | Daikokujima, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan | KUNHM 002673-B |
| Haliclystus tenuis | Haliclystus tenuis | KU257479 | HM022154 | HM022148 | KU308564 | KU308595 | Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan | USNM 1106651 |
| Kishinouyea corbini | Kishinouyea corbini | – | KU257502 | – | KU308565 | KU308596 | Aracruz, Espirito Santo, Brazil | MZUSP 1563 |
| Kishinouyea nagatensis | Kishinouyea nagatensis | – | – | – | – | KU308597 | Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan | USNM 1106985 |
| Lipkea ruspoliana | Lipkea ruspoliana 1* | – | KU257503 | KU308626 | KU308566 | KU308598 | Aquarium, Oceanographic Museum of Monaco | USNM 1315313 |
| Lipkea ruspoliana 2* | KU257480 | – | – | – | – | Aquarium, Oceanographic Museum of Monaco | USNM 1315317 | |
| Lucernaria bathyphila | Lucernaria bathyphila Arctic | – | KU257504 | – | KU308567 | – | Arctic, Mid-Ocean Ridge | USNM 1301002 |
| Lucernaria bathyphila Deep Sea | KU257481 | KU257505 | KU308627 | – | KU308599 | Faroe-Shetland Channel between Faroe and Shetland Islands | USNM 1300113 | |
| Lucernaria janetae | Lucernaria janetae 1* | – | AY845342 | FJ874778 | AY845345 | KU308600 | East Pacific Rise | FMNH 10329 |
| Lucernaria janetae 2* | JN700946 | – | – | – | – | East Pacific Rise | None | |
| Lucernaria quadricornis | Lucernaria quadricornis 1* | – | – | – | – | KU308601 | Keret Inlet, off Sredny Island, Black Rock, White Sea, Russia | USNM 1106636 |
| Lucernaria quadricornis 2* | – | KU257506 | KU308628 | KU308568 | – | Near White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University, White Sea, Russia | USNM 1102441 | |
| Lucernaria sainthilairei | Lucernaria sainthilairei 1* | – | – | – | KU308569 | – | Near White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University, White Sea, Russia | USNM 1106245 |
| Lucernaria sainthilairei 2* | KU257482 | KU257507 | KU308629 | – | KU308602 | Nicolskaya Inlet, off Bolshoy Medvedok Island, Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russia | USNM 1106643 | |
| Lucernariopsis campanulata | Lucernariopsis campanulata | KU257483 | KU257508 | KU308630 | KU308570 | KU308603 | Battery Rocks, Penzance, Cornwall, England | USNM 1286317 |
| Lucernariopsis cruxmelitensis | Lucernariopsis cruxmelitensis | KU257484 | KU257509 | KU308631 | KU308571 | KU308604 | Penzance, Cornwall, England | USNM 1286321 |
| Lucernariopsis tasmaniensis | Lucernariopsis tasmaniensis | – | KU257510 | KU308632 | KU308572 | – | Kitty Miller Bay, Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia | MV F158628 |
| Lucernariopsis vanhoeffeni | Lucernariopsis vanhoeffeni | KU257485 | KU257511 | KU308633 | KU308573 | KU308605 | Trinity Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica | USNM 1106658 |
| Manania gwilliami | Manania gwilliami 1* | – | KU257512 | KU308634 | KU308574 | KU308606 | Monterey Harbor, California, USA | USNM 1106649 |
| Manania gwilliami 2* | KU257486 | – | – | – | – | Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Park, California, USA | USNM 1106662 | |
| Manania uchidai | Manania uchidai | – | KU257513 | KU308635 | KU308575 | KU308607 | Daikokujima, Akkeshi, Hokkaido, Japan | KUNHM 002673-A |
| Sasakiella cruciformis | Sasakiella cruciformis | KU257487 | KU257514 | – | KU308576 | KU308608 | Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan | USNM 1106984 |
| Stenoscyphus inabai | Stenoscyphus inabai | KU257488 | KU257515 | KU308636 | KU308577 | KU308609 | Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan | Photo voucher only |
| Non identified species | ||||||||
| Depastromorpha sp. AUS | Depastromorpha sp. AUS | KU257489 | KU257516 | KU308637 | KU308578 | KU308610 | Outside Port Fairy, Abalone Farm, Victoria, Australia | MV F197278 |
| Kishinouyea sp. Moorea | Kishinouyea sp. Moorea | KU257490 | KU257517 | KU308638 | KU308579 | KU308611 | Moorea, French Polynesia | UF:Cnidaria:7226 |
| Kishinouyea sp. NZ | Kishinouyea sp. NZ | KU257491 | KU257518 | KU308639 | KU308580 | KU308612 | Taputeranga Marine Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand | NIWA 86808 |
| Kishinouyea sp. SAF | Kishinouyea sp. SAF 1* | – | – | – | – | KU308613 | Cape Town, South Africa | MZUSP 002731 |
| Kishinouyea sp. SAF 2* | KU257492 | KU257519 | KU308640 | KU308581 | – | Cape Town, South Africa | MZUSP 002732 | |
| Lipkea sp. JAP | Lipkea sp. JAP 1* | ** | Aquarium, Katsuura, Chiba, Japan | USNM 1315325 | ||||
| Lipkea sp. JAP 2* | KU257493 | KU257520 | – | KU308582 | KU308614 | Aquarium, Katsuura, Chiba, Japan | USNM 1315326 | |
| Lucernaria sp. EPR | Lucernaria sp. EPR | KU257494 | DQ465037 | KU308641 | KU308583 | KU308615 | East Pacific Rise, 20 degrees south | USNM 1086349 |
| Lucernariopsis sp. NZ | Lucernariopsis sp. NZ | KU257495 | KU257521 | KU308642 | KU308584 | KU308616 | Taputeranga Marine Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand | NIWA 86809 |
| Stenoscyphus sp. AUS | Stenoscyphus sp. AUS | KU257496 | KU257522 | KU308643 | KU308585 | KU308617 | Williamstown, The Jawbone, Victoria, Australia | MV F190063 |
Notes:
*
More than one specimen for each species was used to generate the combined alignment. ANT, Antarctica; AUS, Australia; EPR, East Pacific Rise; GER, Germany; JAP, Japan; NZ, New Zealand; SAF, South Africa; UK, the United Kingdom; USA, the United States of America; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, USA; KUNHM, University of Kansas Natural History Museum; MV, Museum Victoria, Australia; MZUSP, Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo; NIWA, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; UF, University of Florida Museum of Natural History; USNM, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, USA.
**
Sequence with less than 200 nucleotides: ACGCCGTGCCAGGCCAAAATGTATTTTGTTACCTGCTGCACGGTGATGCTGAGCGCATTTTCTTTCTTCGTGGGCAAGAAAGAGGTGGTCGATAGATACGAGAGAGAGTGAGAGAGACGCGCGTCGTCCATCTCTCACTGACAATGACCTCAG.