Table 1. Summary of Chi-square tests (all have 1 d.f.) conducted to test bee avoidance natural sting gland alarm pheromone from different species of bees at different levels (1 or 15 bee equivalents = 1 or 15X) and pure synthetic compounds found at high levels in the sting alarm pheromone A. dorsata: isopentyl acetate (IPA), 3-methyl-1-butanol (MB), octyl acetate (OA), (E)-2-decen-1-yl acetate (DA), isopentyl propionate (IP), and gamma-octanoic lactone (GOL).
| Treatment | No. of bees choosing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test compound | Solvent control | % choosing control | Chi-square statistic | P | |
| A. cerana 1X | 14 | 38 | 73% | 11.08 | 0.0009 |
| A. cerana 15X | 9 | 21 | 70% | 4.80 | 0.0285 |
| A. mellifera 1X | 17 | 57 | 77% | 21.62 | <0.0001 |
| A. mellifera 15X | 8 | 22 | 73% | 6.53 | 0.0106 |
| A. dorsata 1X | 11 | 64 | 85% | 37.45 | <0.0001 |
| IPA Ad, Ac, Am | 9 | 21 | 70% | 4.80 | 0.0285 |
| MB Ad, Ac, Am(1.8 μg*) | 14 | 16 | 53% | 0.13 | 0.7150 |
| MB Ad, Ac, Am(20 μg**) | 19 | 28 | 61% | 1.72 | 0.1893 |
| OA Ad, Ac, Am | 19 | 11 | 37% | 2.13 | 0.1441 |
| DA Ad, Ac | 15 | 43 | 74% | 13.52 | 0.0002 |
| IP Ad(0.5 μg*) | 15 | 15 | 50% | 0.00 | 1.0000 |
| IP Ad(6.5 μg**) | 23 | 23 | 50% | 0.00 | 1.0000 |
| GOL Ad | 8 | 22 | 73% | 6.53 | 0.0106 |
Subscripts indicate if these compounds are found in A. cerana (Ac), A. dorsata (Ad) or A. mellifera (Am). Compounds are ordered by species groupings. *Level in 1 Ad bee equivalent. **Higher, supra-threshold level used to test for neophobia.