Table 2.

Effect of maternal work hours on children's time with mothers: Fixed-effect (FE) and instrumental variable (IV) estimations (N = 3,234; individuals = 1,617)

	FE Estimation				IV Estimation
	Total (1)	Educ. (2)	Struct. (3)	Unstruct. (4)	Total (5)	Educ. (6)	Struct. (7)	Unstruct. (8)
Hours per Week Worked	–0.110** (0.036)	–0.009 (0.010)	–0.011 (0.008)	–0.064** (0.022)	–0.252* (0.104)	–0.046 (0.032)	–0.021 (0.025)	–0.151* (0.064)

Notes: Abridged results are presented from separate regressions where the dependent variable is time in specified activities. Fixed-effect regressions control only for variables that vary between 1997 and 2002 (i.e., single parenthood, mothers’ and fathers’ education, fathers’ employment status, total household income, and neighborhood safety). Instrumental variable regressions control for the full set of control variables, shown in Table 9 in the appendix. Instruments used for regressions in columns 5–8 are local labor market conditions, such as the local unemployment rate and the local income distribution. Standard errors are shown in parentheses.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01 (two-tailed tests)