Table 4.

Estimated effect of mothers’ work hours on time children spend with mothers (hours/week) by children's age: Fixed-effect (FE) and instrumental variables (IV) estimations

	FE Estimation				IV Estimation
Variables	Total (1)	Education (2)	Structured (3)	Unstructured (4)	Total (5)	Education (6)	Structured (7)	Unstructured (8)
Younger Than 6 Years (N = 1,710; individuals = 855)
Hours per week worked	–0.164** (0.052)	–0.011 (0.011)	–0.015 (0.012)	–0.100** (0.031)	–0.486*** (0.135)	–0.052 (0.033)	–0.057† (0.034)	–0.236** (0.086)
6 Years or Older (N = 1,524; individuals = 762)
Hours per week worked	–0.056 (0.050)	–0.005 (0.019)	–0.007 (0.011)	–0.026 (0.032)	0.012 (0.154)	–0.045 (0.057)	0.016 (0.035)	–0.074 (0.092)

Notes: Abridged results are presented from separate regressions where the dependent variable corresponds to time in specified activities. Fixed-effect regressions control only for variables that vary between 1997 and 2002 (i.e., single parenthood, mothers’ and fathers’ education, fathers’ employment status, total household income, and neighborhood safety). Instruments used for regressions in columns 5–8 are local labor market conditions, such as the local unemployment rate and the local income distribution. Standard errors are shown in parentheses.

^†p < .10

^**p < .01

^***p < .001 (two-tailed tests)