Table 1.

Studies regarding the effect of repeated cold water immersion on metabolism, thermal insulation and peripheral blood flow (cold induced vasodilation (CIVD)).

Authors	Year	#subjects	#immersion days	duration (min)	water temp. (°C)	exercise	metabolism change	insulation change	CIVD
Young et al.	1986	7M	25	90	18	none	Initial 20% drop (10 min) during cold air exposure	increased Tre-Tsk gradient
Bittel	1987	9M	32–40	60–180	10–15	none	no change	increased Tre-Tsk gradient
Budd et al.	1993	6M	10	30–60	15	none	12% reduction	increased tissue insulation	inconclusive
Jansky et al.	1995	26M	12–18	60	14	none	23% reduction at end of immersion	no change
Golden&Tipton	1998	16M	10	40	15	8 exercise, 8 none	22% reduction at Tb of 33°C	no change
O'Brien et al.	2000	14M	25	60	20	7 exercise, 7 none	no change in cold water or cold air	no change	Reduced
Stocks et al.	2001	7M	15	90	18	none	18% reduction, no difference during exercise in pre- and posttest	no change
Zeyl et al.	2004	12M	15	60–90	18	none	not measured	no change
Wakabayashi et al.	2012	7M	12	60	26	none	no difference	no change	Reduced
Tipton et al.	2013	7M	5	45	12	none	29% reduction for ΔTre <1.2°C	no change
Brazaitis et al.	2014	14M	17	170 or Tre <35.5°C	14	none	22% reduction	no change

Note: In the study of Bittel, subjects were wearing neoprene suits.