Table 1. List of research questions located in the research framework.

Measuring the burden of wasting & stunting	1.	How to estimate incidence of wasting over time in different contexts?
		What is the global burden of children experiencing wasting and stunting concurrently?
		What are the implications of the global burden of concurrent wasting and stunting on the global burden of mortality?
		What is the global burden of severe stunting?
		What are the implications of the global burden of severe stunting on mortality burden?
		How do wasting and stunting develop and interplay in individuals over time?
Understanding risk factors for wasting & stunting	2.	What is the role of pre-pregnancy nutritional status in determining risk of being born stunted and/or wasted?
		Does foetal growth (in terms of timing of deficits in ponderal and/or linear growth) predict wasting and stunting?
		Does anthropometric status at birth (in terms of ponderal and/or linear growth) predict wasting and stunting in childhood?
		Does the process of stunting (slowing of linear growth) or wasting (loss of weight) carry greater risks for a child compared to the end point of being stunted or wasted in relation to the growth reference?
		What role does gut health/inflammation play in wasting?
		What are the long-term implications of wasting and stunting (separately and combined) in early life on adult health.
Evaluating existing interventions	3.	What are the implications of rapid weight gain (as during wasting treatment) on body composition and function in childhood?
		What are the implications of rapid weight gain (as during wasting treatment) on body composition and function in adulthood?
		Does treatment of wasting support catch-up in linear growth?
Basic research to develop or improve interventions	4.	What are the physiological/functional changes which occur during wasting and stunting and when both are underway concurrently?
		How does body proportion and composition change during wasting and stunting, in particular muscle and fat mass?
		At what level of wasting does linear growth slow down or speed up?
		Does mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) preferentially identify children for treatment who have lower weight-for-height and height-for-age in different contexts?
Clinical research to develop or improve interventions	5.	What is the optimal formulation of RUTF to promote optimal ponderal growth and also support linear growth during and after SAM recovery?
		Can nutrition convalescent support (e.g. provision of nutritional supplements & support triggered by a drop in weight-for-height or weight-for-age after acute illness), prevent both wasting and stunting?
		What existing interventions work for treating severe stunting in order to prevent associated mortality?
		What new interventions work in trial conditions for treating severe stunting in order to prevent associated mortality?
Public Health research to develop or improve interventions	6.	Can interventions outside of the 1000 days, e.g. pre-school, school age and adolescence, lead to catch-up in height and in other developmental markers?
		What existing interventions work for stunting reduction?
		What new interventions work in trial conditions for stunting reduction?
		What timely interventions work to mitigate seasonal peaks in undernutrition (both wasting and stunting)?
		What are effective packages of interventions for both maternal nutrition and new-born outcomes?
		How can pre-pregnancy nutrition support for adolescent girls be effectively and appropriately delivered?
		What practical linkages between interventions to treat and prevent wasting and stunting will have the highest impact? (e.g. referral systems between programmes, carrying out mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) checks at routine points of contact, etc.)