Table 1.
Generation sites and origin of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants.
| Location | Key sources of ROS in cell | References |
|---|---|---|
| Chloroplast | PET (PSI, PQ, and PSII) Chlorophyll pigments | Elstner, 1991; Cleland and Grace, 1999 |
| Mitochondrion | Complexes of RET Enzymes, e.g., aconitase, 1-galactono-γ lactone dehydrogenase (GAL) | Andreyev et al., 2005; Rasmusson et al., 2008 |
| Peroxisome | Glycolate oxidase (GO), fatty acid β-oxidation, flavine oxidases, xanthine oxidase (XOD), peroxisomal NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductase and ETC composed of a flavoprotein, NADH and Cyt b | López-Huertas et al., 1999; Baker and Graham, 2002 |
| Plasma membrane | NADPH oxidase and menadione (quinone reductase) | Heyno et al., 2011 |
| Apoplast | Cell wall-associated oxalate oxidase (germine) and amine oxidase-like enzymes | Wojtaszek, 1997; Cona et al., 2006 |
| Cell wall | Cell-wall-associated peroxidase in the presence of NADH and diamine oxidases | Gross, 1977; Martinez et al., 1998 |
| Endoplasmatic reticulum | NAD(P)H-dependent electron transport involving Cyt P450 | Mittler, 2002 |