. 2016 May 10;7:449. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00449

Table 3.

Characteristics of eligible studies analysing fecal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA from the community.

Study population setting	Participants screened for fecal^Ψ carriage (n)	Participant characteristics			Sample collection			Laboratory technique(s)				S. aureus detection	MRSA detection	References
		Age range	Health status	Exposure to healthcare setting 12 months prior to screening^†	Sample type	Age at which samples were collected	Site at which samples were collected	S. aureus detection	MRSA detection	Genotyping	Virulence profile analysis	% (n/N)	& (n/N)
CATEGORY: HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS
Italy	100	Birth to 12 months	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days	Delivery unit	Phenotypic	NP	RAPD	SE TSST	5 (5/100)^φ	NA	Lindberg et al., 2010
					Feces	1 week	Home					15 (15/100)^φ
						2 weeks						24 (24/100)^φ
						4 weeks						34 (34/100)^φ
						8 weeks						45 (45/100)^φ
						6 months						52 (52/100)^φ
						1 year						31 (27/86)^φ
						Overall prevalence						66 (66/100)^φ
Mozambique	121	≤14 days to 1 year	Apparently healthy	NR	Feces	≤14 days to 1 year	Home	Molecular	NP	NP	NP	77 (92/120)	NA	González et al., 2013
Nigeria	120	15–35 years	Healthy	No	Feces	15 to 35 years	Provided by participants	Phenotypic	Phenotypic	NP	NP	32 (38/120)	34 (13/38)^¶	Onanuga and Temedie, 2011
Spain	21	7–35 days	Healthy	At time of delivery^φ	Feces	1 week 2 weeks	Home	Phenotypic and Molecular	Phenotypic and Molecular	spa typing agr typing	SE PVL	10 (2/21) 14 (3/21)		Benito et al., 2015
						5 weeks				MLST	ET	48 (10/21)
						Overall prevalence				PFGE	TSST	57 (12/21)	42 (5/12)
											AUR
											BAP
											CNA
Spain	100	2–89 years	Healthy	No^φ	Feces	2–89 years	NR	Phenotypic and Molecular	Phenotypic and Molecular	spa typing agr typing	SE PVL	15 (15/100)	0 (0/15)	Benito et al., 2013
										MLST	ET
											TSST
											AUR
											BAP
											CNA
Spain	50	7–23 months	Healthy	At time of delivery^φ	Feces	7–23 months	Nurseries	Phenotypic and Molecular	Phenotypic and Molecular	NP	NP	6 (3/50)	0 (0/3)	Domínguez et al., 2002
Sweden	100	Birth to 12 months	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days	Delivery unit	Phenotypic	NP	RAPD	SE TSST	16 (16/100)^φ	NA	Lindberg et al., 2010
					Feces	1 week	Home					48 (48/100)^φ
						2 weeks						56 (56/100)^φ
						4 weeks						64 (64/100)^φ
						8 weeks						72 (72/100)^φ
						6 months						68 (68/100)^φ
						1 year						55 (55/100)^φ
						Overall prevalence						78 (78/100)^φ
Sweden	64	Birth to 8 weeks	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days^φ	Delivery unit^φ	Phenotypic	NP	NP	SE TSST	13 (8/64)^φ	NA	Lundell et al., 2009
					Feces	1 week	Home^φ					39 (25/64)^φ
						2 weeks						53 (33/62)^φ
						4 weeks						59 (37/63)^φ
						8 weeks						71 (44/62)^φ
						Overall prevalence						73 (47/64)^φ
Sweden	50	Birth to 12 months	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days	Delivery unit	Phenotypic	NP	RAPD	ET	20 (10/50)	NA	Lindberg et al., 2004a
						1 week	Home			PFGE	TSST	40 (20/50)
						2 weeks						52 (26/50)
						4 weeks						60 (30/50)
						8 weeks						64 (32/50)
						Overall prevalence						68 (34/50)
	37	Apparently healthy^φ	Allergic and non-allergic mothers	At time of delivery	Feces	1 week after delivery or at a later stage	Home					24 (9/37)	NA
Sweden	81	Birth to 12 months	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days	Delivery unit at 3 days and home at 1 week to 1 year	Phenotypic	Phenotypic	RAPD	ET TSST	NR	0 (0/81)^φ	Lindberg et al., 2004b
						1 week
						2 weeks
						4 weeks
						8 weeks
						6 months
						1 year
Sweden	49	Birth to 12 months	Healthy	At time of delivery	Rectal swabs	3 days	Delivery unit	Phenotypic	NP	RAPD	ET TSST	16 (8/49)	NA	Lindberg et al., 2000
					Feces	1 week	Home					57 (28/49)
						2 weeks						65 (32/49)
						4 weeks						65 (32/49)
						8 weeks						73 (36/49)
						6 months						73 (36/49)
						1 year						53 (26/49)
						Overall prevalence						86 (42/49)^φ
United Kingdom	30	2–7 months	Healthy	NR	Feces	2 weeks	Home	Phenotypic	NP	NP	SE TSST	37 (11/30)	NA	Harrison et al., 2009
						10 weeks						40 (12/30)
						7 months						40 (12/30)
						Overall prevalence						40 (12/30)
United States of America	147	>18 years	Healthy pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy	No^φ	Rectal swabs	>18 years	Obstetric clinics	Phenotypic	Phenotypic and Molecular	SCCmec typing PFGE	PVL	4 (6/147)^φ	0 (0/6)^φ	Andrews et al., 2009
United States of America	38	1 day to 2 weeks	Healthy	At time of delivery	Feces	1–2 days	New-born unit	Phenotypic	Phenotypic and Molecular	PFGE	PVL	0 (0/38)	0 (0/38)	Gries et al., 2009
						2 weeks						26 (6/23)	33 (2/6)
						Overall prevalence						26 (6/23)	33 (2/6)
CATEGORY: OUTPATIENTS
India	100	16–88 years	Patients at admission	No long hospital stay or admission to other hospitals	Feces	16–88 years	Hospital	Phenotypic	NP	NP	NP	0 (0/100)	NA	Deepa et al., 2014
Jordan	216	≤28 days to 1 year	NR	No	Feces	≤28 days to 1 year	Clinic	Phenotypic	Phenotypic	SCCmec typing	ET	17 (37/216)	59 (22/37)	Shehabi et al., 2013
											PVL
											SE
											TSST
Nigeria	1761	≤5 years	Diarrhoeic children	No^φ	Feces	< 1 year	Hospital	Phenotypic	Phenotypic	NP	ET	3 (11/416)	NR	Efuntoye and Adetosoye, 2003
						1.1–2.0 years						4 (13/323)	NR
						2.1–3.0 years						4 (12/309)	NR
						3.1–4.0 years						5 (15/292)	NR
						4.1–5.0 years						5 (21/421)	NR
						Overall prevalence						4 (72/1761)	NR
Saudi Arabia	58	NR	Patients at admission (< 48 h)^φ with diarrhea or abdominal pain	No^φ	Feces	NR	Hospital	Phenotypic	Phenotypic	NP	NP	NA	9 (5/58)	Babay and Somily, 2009
United States of America	150	Birth to 18 years	Children requiring abscess drainage (n = 60)	No^φ	Rectal swabs	Birth to 18 years	Hospital	Phenotypic and Molecular	Molecular	MLVA SCCmec typing	PVL	47 (28/60)	NR	Faden et al., 2010
			Children requiring general surgery (n = 90)									1 (1/90)	NR

^Ψ

Fecal samples, rectal swabs, anal swabs, peri-rectal or peri-anal swabs.

^†

Hospital, long-term care facility, nursing homes, maternity wards.

^¶

Resistant to cefoxitin.

^φ

Information obtained from the author.

Phenotypic identification: culture characteristics on mannitol salt agar, Baird-Parker agar, Tripticase soy agar, Chapman agar, Staphylococcus medium 110, positive results for Gram stain, catalase, coagulase and DNase Tests.

agr, Accessory gene regulator; AUR, Aureolysisn; BAP, biofilm-associated protein; CAN, collagen-binding protein; ET, Exfoliative toxins; MLVA, Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis; MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; NR, Not reported; NP, Not performed; NA, Not applicable; PFGE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; PVL, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin; RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA; SCCmec, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec; SE, Staphylococcal enterotoxins; spa, Staphylococcus aureus protein A; TSST, Toxic shock syndrome toxin.