Table 5.
Antibiotic resistance profiles across participants screened for fecal S. aureus or MRSA.
| Study | Guide-lines applied | Techniques applied | Total number of S. aureus or MRSA isolates screened for resistance | Antibiotic resistance profiles of fecal S. aureus or MRSA isolates (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aminoglycosides | β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors | Cephalosporin | Fluoroquinolones | Glycopeptides | Lincosamides | Lipopeptides | Macrolides | Oxazolidinones | Penicillins | Phenicols | Pseudomonic acid | Pyrimidines | Pyrimidines/Sulfonamides | Streptogramin | Steroidal | Tetracyclines | |||||||||||||||||||
| Amikacin | Gentamicin | Kanamycin | Streptomycin | Tobramycin | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | Cefoxitin | Cefuroxime | Cephalothin | Ciprofloxacin | Levofloxacin | Ofloxacin | Teicoplanin | Vancomycin | Clindamycin | Colistin | Polymyxin B | Erythromycin | Spiramycin | Linezolid | Ampicillin | Methicillin | Penicillin | Oxacillin | Chloramphenicol | Mupirocin | Trimethoprim | Co-trimoxazole | Virginiamycin | Fusidic acid | Doxycycline | Tetracycline | ||||
| Domínguez et al., 2002 | NR | Agar dilution method | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Efuntoye and Adetosoye, 2003 | NCCLS | Disk diffusion method | 72 | 22 | 0 | 9 | 99 | 99 | 67 | 79 | 7 | 100 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lindberg et al., 2004b | SRGA | Disk diffusion method | 116 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Flemming and Ackermann, 2007 | NR | Disk diffusion method | 198 | 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Srinivasan et al., 2010 | CLSI | Vitek Legacy System | 31* | 3 | 100 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 32 | 81 | 100 | 0 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Onanuga and Temedie, 2011 | CLSI | Disk diffusion and agar dilution method | 38 | 0 | 5 | 18 | 34 | 24 | 8 | 8 | 37 | 34 | 0 | 68 | 34 | 37 | 0 | 61 | |||||||||||||||||
| Benito et al., 2013 | CLSI CA-SFM | Disk diffusion method | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Benito et al., 2015 | CLSI EUCAST | Disk diffusion method | 25 | 36 | 0 | 16 | 36 | 40 | 4 | 0 | 32 | 36 | 0 | 40 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
(CA-SFM), Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology; (CLSI), Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; (EUCAST), European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility; (NCCLS), National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards; (SRGA), Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics; NR, Not reported.
*
Number of MRSA isolates (detected using oxacillin screening agar) screened for antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance rates (%): 
0; 
> 0–10; 
> 10–20; 
> 20–30; 
> 30–40; 
> 40–50; 
> 50–60; 
> 60–70; 
> 70–80; 
> 80–90; 
> 90–100.