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. 2016 May 10;10:38. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00038

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Copyright © 2016 Kerschensteiner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of glutamatergic wave circuits. The left panel illustrates the lateral excitatory (blue) network of ON cone bipolar and amacrine cells, which generates and propagates stage III waves. Activity spreads by lateral glutamatergic transmission and gap junctions among neighboring cells. The right panel illustrates the vertical inhibitory (red) pathway through which ON cone bipolar cells hyperpolarize OFF cone bipolar cells and delay excitatory input to and spiking off OFF ganglion cells. Müller glia limit the spread of glutamate and maintain temporal separation of ON and OFF activity.