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. 2016 May;186(5):1166–1179. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.015

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α abrogates M cell induction during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. A: Schematic representation of the dual treatment of DSS and anti–TNF-α in this study. B: Reduction of TNF-α in anti–TNF-α–treated animals is confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DSS-treated animals show increased TNF-α levels in the colon compared with controls; mice given anti–TNF-α during DSS show undetectable levels of TNF-α. Data assessed by unpaired t-test. C: M cell induction is abrogated by anti–TNF-α on the basis of counts of confocal imaging of epithelial dsRed+ cells: DSS induces significant numbers of M cells compared with control (Ctrl), whereas anti–TNF-α–treated animals show reduced M cell induction, not significantly different from control. Counts were from individual confocal micrographs. Statistics were determined by unpaired t-test. Data are given as means ± SEM (B and C). n = 4 to 6 mice per group (B). ∗∗P ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗P ≤ 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗P ≤ 0.0001. ND, not detectable; PGRP-S, peptidoglycan recognition protein-short.