Table 2. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk of gout according to diabetes status: The Singapore Chinese Health Study (1999–2010).

	Cases/person-years	Model 1	Model 2
Baseline (follow-up I) diabetes status
No	603/188390	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	79/25852	0.98 (0.77–1.24)	0.77 (0.60–0.97)
Stratified by sex*
Men
No	302/74002	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	32/10117	0.79 (0.55–1.14)	0.66 (0.46–0.96)
Women
No	301/114387	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	47/15735	1.14 (0.83–1.55)	0.85 (0.62–1.16)
Stratified by BMI category*
Normal weight
No	306/125538	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	34/13916	0.98 (0.69–1.40)	0.82 (0.57–1.17)
Overweight/obesity
No	297/62852	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	45/11936	0.81 (0.59–1.11)	0.73 (0.53–1.01)
Stratified by hypertension*
No hypertension
No	299/126550	1.00 (ref)	1.00
Yes	19/9831	0.83 (0.52–1.33)	0.76 (0.47–1.20)
With hypertension
No	304/61840	1.00 (ref)	1.00
Yes	60/16021	0.78 (0.59–1.03)	0.76 (0.57–1.00)
Duration of diabetes
No diabetes	603/188390	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
0.1–4.9 years	23/7822	0.98 (0.64–1.48)	0.73 (0.48–1.11)
5.0–9.9 years	20/6449	0.98 (0.63–1.53)	0.78 (0.50–1.21)
≥10.0 years	28/8638	1.02 (0.70–1.49)	0.86 (0.59–1.26)
P for trend†		0.98	0.16

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, moderate physical activity, strenuous sports, vigorous work, smoking status, and alcohol use;

Model 2: model 1 plus body mass index ( < 20.0, 20.0–23.9, 24.0–27.9, ≥ 28 kg/m²), and history of hypertension at follow-up I; but not the variable itself in the stratified analysis.

^*The P for interaction was 0.11 for sex, and 0.42 for BMI category ( < 24 and ≥ 24 kg/m²), 0.99 for hypertension in model 2.

^†P for trend was calculated by treating the categorical variable of duration of hypertension as a continuous variable. 415 participants did not answer the question of age of diabetes diagnosis, and among them 8 developed gout.