Table 3. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk of diabetes according to gout status: The Singapore Chinese Health Study (1999–2010).

	Cases/person-years	Model 1	Model 2
Baseline (follow-up I) gout status
No	2103/186162	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	120/8064	1.36 (1.12–1.63)	1.00 (0.83–1.21)
Stratified by sex*
Men
No	806/73438	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	67/4982	1.24 (0.96–1.59)	0.91 (0.70–1.17)
Women
No	1297/112725	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	53/3081	1.48 (1.13–1.95)	1.15 (0.87–1.52)
Stratified by BMI category*
Normal weight
No	981/124564	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	44/3751	1.53 (1.13–2.08)	1.30 (0.96–1.76)
Overweight/obesity
No	1122/61598	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	76/4313	0.99 (0.79–1.26)	0.92 (0.73–1.17)
Stratified by hypertension
No hypertension
No	1033/125409	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	48/3578	1.69 (1.26–2.26)	1.38 (1.03–1.85)
With hypertension
No	1070/60754	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Yes	71/4485	0.94 (0.74–1.19)	0.85 (0.67–1.09)
Duration of gout
No gout	2103/186162	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
0.1–4.9 years	52/4002	1.16 (0.88–1.53)	0.87 (0.66–1.15)
5.0–9.9 years	32/1836	1.59 (1.12–2.26)	1.14 (0.80–1.62)
≥10.0 years	35/2197	1.51 (1.08–2.11)	1.11 (0.79–1.56)
P for trend†		<0.001	0.62

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, moderate physical activity, strenuous sports and vigorous work, smoking status, and alcohol use; but not sex in the sex-stratified analysis;

Model 2: model 1 plus body mass index (<20.0, 20.0–23.9, 24.0–27.9, ≥28 kg/m²), and history of hypertension at follow–up I; but not the variable itself in the stratified analysis.

^*The P for interaction was 0.19 for sex, 0.04 for BMI category (<24 and ≥24 kg/m²), and 0.007 for hypertension in model 2.

^†P for trend was calculated by treating the categorical variable of duration of gout as a continuous variable. Four participants did not answer the question of age of gout diagnosis, and among them 1 developed diabetes.